UC-NRLF 


^B    73b    b71 


r."i,-'    '1,    ;  i^"'',  I 


HENRY  MORSE  STEPHENS  COLLECTION 


SYLLABI 


1.  Knowlton,  D«  C,   Studies  in  English 

history.   1903 

2.  Salmon,  Lucy  M.   Suggestions  for  the  year's 

study.  History  A,  AA  1905 

3.  Salmon,  Lucy  !•   Suggestions  for  the  year's 

study.  History  R.  S.   1905 

4.  VVeatherly,  Ulysses  G.   Ou.tlines  of 

sociology.   1906 


vSTUDIES 


IN 


English  History 


PREPARED   FOR   USE   IN 


THE  ITHACA  HIGH  SCHOOL 


BY 


D.  C.  KNOWLTON,  A.B. 

•   INSTRUCTOR   IN   HISTORY 


J       1 

^       J    J  ,  :>    J     3     ) 


PUBLISHED   BY    THE 

ITHACA   HIGH   SCHOOI, 
1903 


Copyright,  1903,  by 

D.   C.    KNOWI^TON. 


t  c    t     >•        *     < 

«     c     «    «.       «    e 

•      c         «    t*-    »      « 


'  «  '    *    .  •    1    .♦    *   •  .  •        i   «    «  -  «   • 


PREvSS  OF 
ANDRUvS   &   CHURCH 
ITHACA,  N.  Y. 


PREFACE. 

These  studies  are  not  meant  to  take  the  place  of  the  text- 
book, but  are  to  be  used  as  a  guide  to  further  reading.  Ref- 
erences to  three  of  the  leading  text-books  have  been  inserted 
at  the  end  of  each  reign  or  period.  The  bibliography  is  sug- 
gestive rather  than  exhaustive.  Extended  references  to  con- 
stitutional histories  have  not  been  given,  although  some  of 
the  best  of  these  have  been  mentioned  in  the  bibliography. 
It  is  hoped  that  these  studies  may  stimulate  the  student's 
interest  and  assist  in  fixing  the  more  important  facts  in  Eng- 
lish History. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ATLASES,  GEOGRAPHIES,  DICTIONARIES. 

Gardener,  S.  R.,  Editor. 

School  Atlas  of  English  History:  a  companion  atlas  to  the  "Stu- 
dent's History  of  England,"  by  S.  R.  Gardiner.  New  edition.  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1895.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Geikie,  Archibai^d. 

Elementary  Geography  of  the  British  Isles.    London  and  New  York , 
1888.     Macmillan  Co. 
Green,  J.  R.,  and  GreEn,  A.  S. 

Short  Geography  of  the  British  Islands.  London,  1884.  Macmillan 
Co. 

Low,  S.  J.,  and  PUI.1.ING,  F.  S. 

Dictionary  of  English  History.  Revised  edition.  London,  Paris 
and  Melbourne,  1897.     Cassell  &  Co. 

PUTZGERS,  F.  W. 

Historischer  Schul-Atlas  zur  alten,  mittleren  und  neuen  Geschichte, 
bearbeitet  und  herausgegeben  von  Alfred  Baldamus  jund  Ernst 
Schwabe.  Bielefeld  und  Leipzig,  1902.  Lemcke  &  Buechner,  New  York. 

GENERAL  HISTORIES. 

Bright.  J.  F. 

History  of  England,  449-1880.  4  vols.  London,  18S0-1888.  Riv- 
ingtons. 

CoMAN,  Katharine  and  Kendai^i,,  Ei<izabeth  K. 

History  of  England  for  high  schools  and  academies.  (Cited  as  C.  & 
K. )  New  York  and  London,  1900.     Macmillan  Co. 

Gardiner,  S.  R. 

Student's  History  of  England  from  the  earliest  times  to  1885.  New 
impression.  London,  New  York  and  Bombay,  1900.  (Cited  asGard.) 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Green,  J.  R. 

Short  History  of  the  English  People.  Illustrated  edition,  edited  by 
Mrs.  J.  R.  Green  and  Miss  Kate  Norgate.  4  vols.  New  York,  1895. 
(Cited  as  Green.)     Harper  &  Bros. 

Larned,  J.  N. 

History  for  Ready  Reference.  5  vols.  Springfield,  Mass.,  1895. 
C.  A.  Nichols  Co. 

Larned,  J.  N. 

History  of  England  for  the  use  of  schools  and  academies.  Boston, 
New  York  and  Chicago,  1900.  (Cited  as  Larned. )  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&Co.  • 


Montgomery,  D.  H. 

Leading  Facts  of  English  History.  Boston,  1901.  (Cited  as  Mont.) 
Ginn  &  Co. 

Oman,  Chari^es. 

History  of  England.  New  York,  189S.  (Cited  as  Oman.)  Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 

Smith,  Goi^dwin. 

The  United  Kingdom  :  A  Political  History.  2  vols.  New  York 
and  lyondon,  1899.     (Cited  as  Smith. )     Macmillan  Co. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORIES. 

*Adams,  G.  B.,  and  Stephens,  H.  M.,  Editors. 

Select  Documents  of  English  Constitutional  History.  New  York 
and  London,  1902.     (Cited  as  Documents.)     Macmillan  Co. 

*01d  South  Leaflets.     3  vols      Nos.  1-75.     Boston,     n.  d. 
*  Source  material. 

FeiIvDEn,  H,  St.  Ci<air. 

A  Short  Constitutional  History  of  England.  3d  edition.  Revised 
and  in  part  re-written  by  W.  G.  Etheridge.  Boston,  1895.  (Cited as 
Feilden.)     Ginn  &  Co. 

Hai,i,am,  H. 

Constitutional  History  of  England,  from  the  Accession  of  Henry  VII 
to  the  Death  of  George  II.  Adapted  to  the  use  of  students  by  William 
Smith.  Student's  series.  New  Yoric,  1896.  (Cited  as  Hallam.)  Har- 
per &  Bros. 

May,  Sir  Thomas  E. 

Constitutional  History  of  England  since  the  Accession  of  George 
the  Third,  1760-1860,  with  a  new  supplementary  chapter,  1861-1871. 
2  vols.     New  York,  1895.     (Cited  as  May).     A.  C.  Armstrong  &  Son. 

Montague,  F.  C. 

Elements  of  English  Constitutional  History  from  the  earliest  times 
to  the  present  day.  New  edition.  London  and  New  York,  1894. 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Stubbs,  WHvI^IAM. 

Constitutional  History  of  England  in  its  Origin  and  Development. 
4tli  edition.     5  vols.     Oxford,  1896.     Clarendon  Press. 

Taswei.i.-Langmead,  T.  P. 

English  Constitutional  History  from  the  Teutonic  Conquest  to  the 
present  time.  3d  edition.  Revised  by  C.  H.  E.  Carmichael.  Lon- 
don and  Boston,  1886.     Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

BOOKS  DEALING  WITH  SPECIAL  PERIODS. 

(a)  Caesar  to  Accessioii  of  Henry  II. 

Freeman,  E.  A. 

William  the  Conqueror.  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1888.     Macmillan  Co. 


Hughes,  Thomas. 

Alfred  the  Great.     Macmillan  Co. 

Paui.1,  R. 

Life  of  Alfred  the  Great,  translated  from  the  German  by  B.  Thorpe, 
London  and  New  York,  1893.     Geo,  Bell  &  Sons. 

Robertson,  C.  G. 

Making  of  the  English  Nation  (B.C.  55-1135  A.D)  Oxford  Manu- 
als of  English  History.  New  York,  1896.  (Cited  as  Robertson.)  Chas. 
Scribner's  Sons. 

(b)  Plantagenet  Kings. 

*ASHi.EY,  W.  J.,  Editor, 

Edward  III  and  his  Wars,  1327-1360.  English  history  by  contem- 
porary writers.     London,  1887.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

^Barnard,  F.  P.,  Editor. 

Strongbow's  Conquest  of  Ireland,  English  history  from  contem- 
porary writers.     London  and  New  York,  1888.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Green,  Mrs.  J.  R, 

Henry  the  Second,  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London 
and  New  York,  1888.     Macmillan  Co. 

*HuTTON,  W.  H.,  Editor. 

S.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  :  An  account  of  his  life  and  fame  from  the 
contemporary  biographers  and  other  chroniclers.  English  history  by 
contemporary  writers.     London,  1889.     G.  P,  Putnam's  Sons. 

*HuTTON,  W,  H.,  Editor. 

Simon  de  Montfort  and  his  Cause,  1251-1266,     English  history  by 

contemporary  writers.     London  and  New  York,   1888.     G.    P.    Put- 
nam's Sons. 

JENKS,  Edward. 

Edward  Plantagenet  (Edward  I),  the  English  Justinian,  or  the 
making  of  the  English  Common  Law.  Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series. 
New  York  and  London,  1902.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

NORGATE,  Kate. 
John  Lackland.     London  and  New  York,  1902. 

Sergeant,  Lewis. 

John  Wyclif :  Last  of  the  Schoolmen  and  first  of  the  English  Re- 
formers. Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series.  New  York  and  London,  1893. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Stubbs,  Wii,i.iam, 

Early  Plantagenets.  Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series.  London, 
New  York  and  Bombay,  1896.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Tout,  T.  F. 
Edward    the    First.     Twelve  English   Statesmen   Series.     London 
and  New  York,  1893.     Macmillan  Co. 


—  8  — 

Warburton,  W. 

Edward  III.  Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series.  London,  New 
York  and  Bombay,  1896.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

(c)  Lancastrian  and  Yorkist  Kings. 

Gairdner,  James. 

Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  with  the  Conquest  and  Loss  of 
France.  8th  edition.  Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series.  London 
and  New  York,  1891.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

KiNGSFORD,   C.  L. 

Henry  V.  The  Typical  Mediaeval  Hero.  Heroes  of  the  Nations 
series.     New  York,  1901.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Oi<iPHANT,  Mrs. 

Jeanne  d'Arc  :  Her  Life  and  Death.  Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series. 
New  York  and  London,  1897.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Oman,  Charles. 

Warwick,  the  Kingmaker.  English  Men  of  Action  Series.  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1891.     Macmillan  Co. 

*Thompson,  Edith. 

Wars  of  York  and  Lancaster,  1450-1485.  English  history  by  con- 
temporary writers.     London,  1892.     G.  P.  Putnam's   Sons. 

(d)  Tudor  Kings. 
BeesIvY,  E.  S. 

Queen  Elizabeth.  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London  and 
New  York,  1892.    Macmillan  Co. 

Creighton,  MaNDEIvIv. 

Age  of  Elizabeth.     New  York,  1890.     Chas.  Scribner's  Sons. 

Creighton,  Mandei^i.. 

Cardinal  Wolsey.  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London  and 
New  York,  1888.     Macmillan  Co. 

Gairdner,  James. 

Henry  the  Seventh.  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London 
and  New  York,    1889.     Macmillan  Co. 

M0BERI.Y,  C.  E. 

Early  Tudors  :  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII.  Epochs  of  Modern 
History  Series.  4th  edition.  London  and  New  York,  1894.  Long- 
mans, Green  &  Co. 

(e)  Stuart  Kings. 

Airy,  Osmund. 

English  Restoration  and  Louis  XIV,  from  the  Peace  of  Westphalia 
to  the  Peace  of  Nimwegen,  Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series.  New 
edition.     London  and  New  York,  1894.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 


—  9  — 

CORBETT,  JUI.TAN. 

Monk.  English  Men  of  Action  Series.  London  and  New  York, 
1889.     Macmillan  Co. 

Firth,  Charlrs. 

Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Rule  of  the  Puritans  in  England.  Heroes 
of  the  Nations  Series.  (Cited  as  Firth  )  New  York  and  London,  1900. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Gardiner,  S.  R. 

First  two  Stuarts  and  the  Puritan  Revolution,  1603- 1660.  Epochs 
of  Modern  History  Series.  13th  edition.  (Cited  as  Puritan  Revolu- 
tion. )  London,  New  York  and  Bombay,  1897.  lyongmans.  Green 
&Co. 

Hai^e,  E. 

Fall  of  the  Stuarts  and  Western  Europe,  from  1678  to  1697.  Epochs 
of  Modern  History  Series.  Eighth  impression.  London,  New  York 
and  Bombay,  1898.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Harrison,  Frederic, 

Oliver  Cromwell.  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London  and 
New  York,  1888.     Macmillan  Co. 

HassaIvI,,  Arthur. 

Louis  XIV  and  the  Zenith  of  the  French  Monarchy.  Heroes  of  the 
Nations  Series.     New  York  and  London,  1895.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

tLECKY,  W.  E.  H. 

History  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century.  New  edition.  7 
vols.     (Cited  as  Lecky).     New  York,  1 892-1 893.     D   Appleton  &  Co. 

t  Also  useful  for  Hanoverian  Kings. 

Macaui<ay,  Lord. 

History  of  England  from  the  Accession  of  James  the  Second.  Pop- 
ular edition.  2  vols.  London  and  New  York,  1889.  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co. 

M0RI.EY,  John. 

Oliver  Cromwell.    New  York,  1901.     ( Cited  as  Morley. )    Century  Co. 

Morris,  E.  E. 

Age  of  Anne,  Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series.  Tenth  impres- 
sion. London,  New  York  and  Bombay,  1898.  Longmans,  Green  & 
Co. 

*Tayi.or,  W.  F.,  Editor. 

England  under  Charles  II  from  the  Restoration  to  the  Treaty  of  Ni- 
meguen,  1660-1678.  English  history  by  contemporary  writers,  Lon- 
don.    G,  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Traii.1.,  H.  D. 

William  the  Third,  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London 
and  New  York.    1888.     Macmillan  Co. 


lO 

(f)  Hanoverian  Kings. 

Green,  W.  D. 

William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham,  and  the  Growth  and  Division  of  the 
British  Empire,  1708-1778.  Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series  New  York 
and  London,  1901.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons, 

H01.MES.  R.  R. 

Queen  Victoria,  1819-1901.  New  edition.  London,  New  York  and 
Bombay,  1901.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Hooper,  G. 

Wellington.  English  Men  of  Action  series.  London  and  New 
York,  1889.     Macmillan  Co. 

Lord,  John. 

Beacon  Lights  of  History.  Vol.  VI.  Modern  European  Statesmen, 
New  York,  1891,     Fords,  Howard  &  Hulbert. 

McCarthy,  Justin, 

Epoch  of  Reform,  1830-1850.  Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series. 
New  edition.     London,  New  York  and  Bombay,  1898. 

*McCarthy,  Justin. 

Short  History  of  our  own  times  from  the  Accession  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria to  the  General  Election  of  1880,  Artist's  edition,  2  vols.  New 
York,  1893.     Frederick  A   Stokes  Co, 

MoRLEY,  John. 

Walpole,  Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.  London  and  New 
York,  1889.     Macmillan  Co. 

Morris,  E.  E.  - 

Early  Hanoverians.  Epochs  of  Modern  History.  5th  edition, 
London,  New  York  and  Bombay,  1896,     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Morris,  W.  O. 

Napoleon,  Warrior  and  Ruler  and  the  Military  Supremacy  of  Revo- 
lutionary France.  Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series.  New  York  and  Lon- 
don, 1896.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Ropes,  J.  C, 

The  First  Napoleon  :  A  Sketch,  Political  and  Military.  Boston 
and  New  York,  1891.     Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co, 

RosEBERY,  Lord. 

Pitt.     Twelve  English  Statesmen  Series.     London  and  New  York, 
1 89 1.     Macmillan  Co. 

Southey,  Robert, 

Life  of  Horatio,  Lord  Nelson,     London,  1896,     Dent  &  Co. 

(g)  Ireland. 

Duni^op,  Robert, 

Daniel  O'Connell  and  the  Revival  of  National  Life  in  Ireland, 
Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series.  New  York  and  London,  1900.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 


—  II  — 

Joyce,  P.  W. 

Short  History  of  Ireland  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  1608.  London 
and  New  York,  1893.     (Cited  as  Joyce.)     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

(h)  Scotland  and  Wales. 

Bradt^ey,  a.  G. 

Owen  Glyndwr  and  the  Tvast  Struggle  for  Welsh  Independence,  with 
a  brief  sketch  of  Welsh  History.  Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series.  New 
York  and  London,  1901.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Maxwell,  Sir  Herbert. 

Robert  the  Bruce  and  the  Struggle  for  Scottish  Independence. 
Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series.  New  York  and  London,  1897.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 

(i)  Colonies  and  Dependencies. 

Hunter,  W.  W. 

Brief  History  of  the  Indian  Peoples,  22d  edition.  Oxford,  1897. 
Clarendon  Press. 

JENKS,  Edward. 

History  of  the  Australasian  Colonies  (from  their  foundation  to  the 
year  1893.)  Cambridge  Historical  Series.  Cambridge,  1896.  Mac- 
millan  Co. 

Johnston,  H.  H. 

History  of  the  Colonization  of  Africa  by  alien  races.  Cambridge 
Historical  Series.     Cambridge,  1899.    Macmillan  Co, 

Lucas,  C.  P, 

Historical  Geography  of  the  British  Colonies.  4  vols.  Oxford, 
1890-1897.     Clarendon  Press, 

Macaulay,  Lord. 

Essays  (Clive  and  Warren  Hastings.)  New  York.  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co. 

Theal,  G.  M. 

South  Africa  (the  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  Orange  Free  State,  South 
African  Republic,  Rhodesia,  and  all  other  Territories  South  of  the  Zam- 
besi.)    Story  of  the  Nations   Series.     New  York  and  London,   1900 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Trotter,  L.  J. 

Warren  Hastings  and  the  Founding  of  the  British  Administration. 
Rulers  of  India  Series.     Oxford,  1897.     Clarendon  Press. 


STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH  HISTORY. 


Introduction. 


Phj^sical  geography  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

1.  Influence  of  geography  on  history. 

2.  Area. 

3.  Temperature. 

4.  Rainfall. 

5.  Land  configuration. 

6.  Adaptability  to  settlement  and  growth. 
First  intercourse  between  Britain  and  the  continent. 

1.  Purpose. 

2.  Pytheas  c.  330  B.  C. 

3.  Gauls  and  Belgians. 

4.  Results — European  knowledge  of  Britain. 
References:   Mont.,  §§  1-5,  20-21,  25-38;  Larned,   g§  i, 

3  ;  C.  &  K.,  Chap.  I,  pp.  11-19  ;  Gard.,  pp.  7-8  ;  Oman,  pp. 
1-4;  Gardiner,  Atlas  ]  Geikie,  Geography;  Green,  Geog- 
raphy; Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  1-3. 


Roman  Britain. 


Caesar  in  Britain,  55-54  B.  C. 

1.  His  campaigns. 

2.  His  account  of  inhabitants. 

(a)  Number  and  distribution. 

(b)  Manners  and  customs. 

(c)  Industries  and  occupations. 

(d)  Government. 

(e)  Religion-Druidism. 

Conquest  of  Britain-Aulus  Plautius,  43-47  A.  D. 

1.  Relations  with  Caractacus. 

2.  Extent  of  conquests. 

References:  Mont. ,§§  39-48  ;  learned,  pp.  5-7;  Gard., 
pp.  10-13  ;  C.  &K.,  pp.  19-20  ;  Robertson,  pp.  lo-ii;  Oman, 
pp.  4-6. 


—  13  — 

Snetoniiis,  58  A.  D. 

1.  Destruction  of  Druidism. 

2.  Revolt  of  Boadicea. 
Agricola,  78-84  A.  D. 

1.  Conquests. 

2.  Nature  of  his  government. 

3.  Roman  walls. 

4.  Explorations. 
Withdrawal  of  Romans,  c.  410. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  49-50,  53,  63  ;  Larned,  §  6  ;  Gard., 
pp.  13-19,  22,  24-26  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  20-21,  26-28  ;  Robert- 
son, pp.  11-14  ;  Oman,  pp.  6-8,   11-12. 

Results  of  Roman  occupation. 

1.  Effect  on  inhabitants. 

(a)  Government. 

(b)  Religion — Introduction  of  Christianit3\ 

(c)  Language. 

(d)  Mode  of  living. 

2.  Effect  on  land. 

(a)  Roman  cities.  ' 

(b)  Roads,  fc-rts,  walls. 

(c)  Cultivation  of  soil. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  51-52,  54-62,  64-65  ;  Earned,  §  5  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  19-22  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  21-26;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
8-10;  Robertson,  pp.  14-17  ;  Oman,  pp.  8-1 1,  13. 

Saxon  Britain. 

Condition  of  England  after  withdrawal  of  Romans. 
Invasions  of  Picts,  Scots,  Jute-s^^anclAngles. 

1.  Original  homes. 

2.  Nature  of  these  invasions. 

3.  Appeal  to  Rome  and  results,  446. 

4.  Eegend  of  Hengist  and  Horsa.     . 

5.  Early  settlements. 

6.  Resistance  and  fate  of  Britons-Legend  of  Arthur. 
References  :   Mont.,  i§^  66-76  ;  Earned,  §§  7-8  ;  Gard. ,  pp. 

26-29,  33-37  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  28-32  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  10- 
24;  Robertson,  pp.  17-22;  Oman,  pp.  14-20;  Bright,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  1-3. 


—  14  — 

Introduction  of  Roman  Catholic  Christianity. 

1.  St.  Augustine,  597-604. 

2.  Synod  of  Whitby,  664. 

3.  Theodore  of  Tarsus,  669-690. 

4.  PoHtical  effect  of  introduction  of  Christianity. 
Attempts  to  form  a  united  kingdom. 

1.  Northumbria. 

2.  Mercia-Penda,  626-655. 

3.  Wessex-Egbert,  800-836. 
English  Society. 

1.  Classes  and  beginning  of  feudal  system. 

2.  Government. 

(a)  Central  Government — King  and  Witan. 

(b)  lyocal  Government — Shire,  hundred,  township. 

3.  Administration  of  Justice. 

(a)  Compurgation  and  ordeal. 

(b)  Town,  hundred,  shire  and  king's  courts. 

4.  Religion. 

5.  Literature. 

6.  Manners  and  customs. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  77-89,  112,  114-142  ;  Larned,  §§ 
9-16  ;  Gard.,  pp.  29-33,  38-55,  69-77  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  33,  35- 
37,  50~54  5  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  1-8,  24-83  ;  Pauli,  Alfred, 
Chap.  I  ;  Robertson,  Chaps.  III-IV,  pp.  22-26  ;  Bright, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  3-5,  28-39  ;  Montague,  pp.  2-21  ;  Oman,  pp. 
20-32  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  3-1 1. 

Alfred,  871-901.     Hughes,  Alfred  the  Great;  Pauli,  Alfred, 
Chaps.  II-VII. 

1.  Danish  Wars — Treaty  of  Wedmore,  878. 

2.  Work  as  lawyer  and  educator. 

3.  Naval  and  Militar}^  reforms. 
Athelstan,  925-940. 

1.  Territorial  power — Brunanburh,  937. 

2.  Alliances  with  foreign  princes. 
Dunstan,  960-988. 

1.  Personal  characteristics. 

2.  Early  life. 

3.  His  reforms. 


—  15  — 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  90-103  ;  Larned,  §§  17-21  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  58-69;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  40-50;  Green,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  83-113  ;  Robertson,  Chaps.  V-VII  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I, 
PP-  5~i5  j  Oman,  Chap.  IV;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  11-13. 

Ethelred  the  Unready,  979-1013. 

1.  Early  relations  with  Danes, 

(a)  Danegeld. 

(b)  Massacre  of  St.  Brice's  Day,  1002. 

2.  Danish  conquest — Svend,  1013-1014. 
Cnut  (the  Great),  1016-1035. 

1.  His  possessions.     Putzgers,  17a. 

2.  How  he  governed — Godwine. 

3.  Death  and  Division  of  Empire. 

Restoration   of  the  Saxon   Kings — Edward  the   Confessor, 
1042-1066. 

1.  Early  life  and  its  influence. 

2.  Norman  policy. 

3.  Relations  with  Godwine  and  Harold. 

4.  Relations  with  Duke  William  of  Normandy. 
Harold,  1066. 

1.  Claims  of  William  of  Normaudy. 

2.  Norwegian  invasion — Stamford  Bridge. 

3.  Norman  conquest. 

(a)  Hastings  or  Senlac. 

(b)  Changes  effected  by  conquest. 

1.  In  government. 

2.  In  manners  and  customs. 

3.  In  industries. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  104-111,  113,  143-152,  175; 
Larned,  §§  22-25,  29-30;  Gard.,  pp.  79-100;  C.  &  K.,  pp. 
56-70,  79-91  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  13-20  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
1 13-150;  Robertson,  Chaps.  VIII-IX  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
15-27  ;  Oman,  Chap.  V. 

Norman  England. 

William  I,  (The  Conqueror),  1066- 108 7. 

1.  Results  of  Hastings. 

2.  Relations  with  London. 


—  i6  — 

3.  Saxon  Resistance — Hereward. 

4.  Relations  with  Scotland— Malcolm,  1072. 

5.  How  he  kept  down  the  English. 

(a)  Confiscation  of  land. 

(b)  Castle  building. 

(c)  Feudal  Army. 

6.  How  he  kept  down  the  Normans. 

(a)  Abolition  of  the  great  Earldoms  and   Scatter- 

ing of  Barons'  Estates. 

(b)  Gemot  of  Salisbury,  1086. 

(c)  Militia  reorganization. 

7.  Ecclesiastical  policy — Lanfranc. 

8.  New  Forest. 

9.  Domesday  Book,  1085. 

10.  Death  and  Disposition  of  kingdom. 
References:  Mont.,  §§  153-174;  lyarned,  §§25-28,  31- 
33  ;  Gard.,  Chap.  VII  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  70-74;  Smith,  Vol. 
I,  Chap.  II  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  151-166  ;  Robertson,  Chap. 
X  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  40-55  ;  Freeman,  William  the  Con- 
queror;  Montague,  pp.  22-31,  33-39  ;  Oman,  Chap.  VI. 

William  II,  (William  Rufus),  1087-1100. 

1.  Financial  Policy — Ranulf  Flambard. 

2.  Ecclesiastical  Policy — Anselm. 

3.  Reunion  with  Normandy,  1096. 

4.  Death. 

References  :   Mont.,  §§  176-184  ;  Earned,  §§  34-38  ;  Gard., 
Chap.  VIII  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  74-76  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  42-57  ; 
Oman,  pp.  81-86  ;  Green,  Vol.   I,  pp.  166-168  ;   Robertson, 
Chap.  XI  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  56-62. 

Henry  I,  (Eion  of  Justice),  1100-1135. 

1.  Charter  of  Liberties. 

2.  English  policy — Marriage  with  Matilda. 

3.  Struggle  with  the  Church — Anselm.  Montague,  p.  37. 

4.  Financial  and  Judicial  reforms. 

5.  Conquest  of  Normandy — Tinchebrai,  1106. 

6.  DisDosition  of  the  crown. 

A. 

References  :   Mont.,  §§  185-188  ;  Earned,  §§  39-44  ;  Gard., 
pp.  122-131  ;C.  &  K.,pp.  76-77  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  57-71  ; 


—  17  — 

Oman,   pp.   86-92  ;  Green,   Vol.   I,   pp.    168-185,    190-192  ; 
Robertson,  Chap.  XII  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  63-76. 

Period  of  Anarchy,  (Stephen),  i  [35-1154. 

1.  Cause. 

2.  Results. 

(a)  Feudal  Anarchy  and  Misery  of  England. 

(b)  Relations  with  Scotland— Battle  of  Standard, 

1138. 

(c)  Treaty  of  Wallingford,  1153. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  189-192  ;  learned,  §§45-47  ;  Gard., 
pp.  131-137  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  77-79  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  71- 
75  ;  Oman,  pp.  92-96  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  190-197  ;  Bright, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  77-88  ;  Stubbs,  Early  Plantagenets,  Chap.  II. 

Plantagenet   England. 

Henry  II,  1154-1189. 

1.  Checks  on  the  power  of  Barons.     Montague,  pp.  41- 

42,  50- 

(a)  Scutage. 

(b)  Reorganization    of    Militia — Assize    of   Arms, 

1181. 

2.  Relations  with  Becket — Constitutions  of  Clarendon, 

11*^4.      Hutton,   S.  Thomas  of  Canterbiiry ;    Mon- 
tague, 42-46. 

3.  Judicial  Arrangements.      Montague,  pp.  47-50. 

(a)  Curia  Regis. 

(b)  Assize  of  Clarendon. 

(c)  Circuit  Court. 

4.  Norman  conquest  of  Ireland,    1166-1172.     Barnard, 

Strongbozv'  s  Conquest  of  Ireland. 

(a)  Early  history  of  Ireland. 

1.  Early  Inhabitants — Government — Religion. 

2.  Introduction   of   Christianity — St.    Patrick, 

432. 

3.  Golden  Age,  465-795- 

4.  Northmen  Invasion. 

(b)  Reasons  for  Norman  interference. 

1.  Grant  of  Ireland  to  Henry. 

2.  Situation  in  Ireland — tribal  quarrels. 


—  i8  — 

(c)  Strongbow  and  Norman  Knights  in  Ireland. 

(d)  Visit  of  Henry  II. 

(e)  Results. 

1.  Henry  lord  of  Ireland. 

2.  Introduction  of  Norman  castles  and  method 

of  fighting. 

3.  Son  John  sent  as  Governor,  1185. 

5.  Famil}^  relations. 

(a)  Marriage  with  Eleanor — French  possessions. 

(b)  War  with  Sons. 

6.  Financial  policy.      Montague,  pp.  46-47. 

(a)  Saladin  Tithe. 

(b)  Court  of  Exchequer. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  209-229,  311,  319  ;  learned,  §§48- 
54  ;  Gard.,  Chap.  X  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  93-107  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  IV;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  89-114;  Stubbs,  Early 
Pla7iiage7iets,  Chaps.  III-V  ;  Green,  He7iry  II ;  ]oycQ,  Part 
I,  Chaps.  VI,VIII,  Part  II,  Chaps.  Ill,  V-IX,  Part  III, 
Chaps.  I-IV  ;  Oman,  Chap.  VIII  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  Chap.  II, 
§  VIII  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  891-899. 

Richard  I,  (The  Lion  Hearted),  11 89-1 199. 

1.  Character. 

2.  Richard  and  Third  Crusade, 

(a)  Purpose  of  Crusade. 

(b)  Desire  for  money  and  how  met. 

(c)  Exploits  of  Richard  in  Palestine. 

(d)  Captivity  of  Richard  and  plots  of  John. 

(e)  Effects  of  Crusade  on  England. 

1.  Financial. 

2.  Growlh  of  town  liberties. 

3.  Introduction  of  Eastern  Culture. 

3.  Richard  in  France. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  230-239,  312  ;  Larned,  g§  55-57  ; 
Gard.,  Chap.  XI  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  107-109  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  V  ;  Oman,  pp.  1 14-122  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  213-218  ; 
Stubbs,  Early  Plaritageiiets,  Chap.  VI  ;  Montague,  p.  51  ; 
Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  1 15-125. 


—  19  — 

John  (Lackland),  ii 99-1 21 6. 

1.  Character. 

2.  Loss  of  Normandy. 

3.  Quarrel  with  the  church — Stephen  Langton. 

4.  Magna  Carta,  12 15.     Montague,  pp.  53-57. 

(a)  Opposition  of  clergy  and  Barons  and  explana- 

tion. 

(b)  Council   at   St.    Albans,    its   composition   and 

action. 

(c)  Provisions  of  Magna  Carta,    Old  South  Leaf- 

lets, No.  5. 

(d)  Attempts  to  break  Charter. 

References  :  Mont,,  §§  240-255,  313  ;  Larned,  §§  58-61  ; 
Gard.,  Chap.  XII  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  116-123  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  VI  ;  Oman,  pp.  122-133  i  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  218-245  ; 
Stubbs,  Early  Plantagenets,  Chap.  VII  :  Bright,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  126-140;   '^ or %2X^,  John  Lackland. 

Henry  III,  1216-1272. 

1.  England  during   the   minority — Reissue   of    Magna 

Carta. 

2.  Personal  government  of  Henry  III. 

(a)  Character  of  the  King. 

(b)  Relations  with  foreigners. 

(c)  Relations  with  Church — The  Friars. 

3.  Simon  De  Montfort  and  King.     Hutton,    Simon  de 

Mo7itfort,  a7id  his  cause. 

(a)  Early  career  of  De  Montfort. 

(b)  Mad  Parliament  and  Provisions  of  Oxford,  1258. 

(c)  Barons'  War,  1 263-1 265. 

(i)   Cause. 

(2)  Lewes,  1264. 

(a)  Supremacy  of  De  Montfort. 

(b)  Beginning  of  Parliament. 

(3)  Evesham — Fall  of  De  Montfort,  1265. 

4.  King's  old  age — Influence  of  Prince  Edward. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  256-267  ;  Earned,  §§  62-65  ; 
Gard.,  Chap.  XIII  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  123-132  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  VII  ;  Oman,   Chap.  X  ;  Green,   Vol.  I,  pp.  245-246, 


—  20  — 

266-304  ;    Stubbs,  Early   Plantage7ieis,    Chaps.   VIII-IX  ; 
Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  141-170  ;   Montague,  pp.  58-63. 

Edward  I,  1 272-1 307. 

1.  King  and  Barons.    Montague,  pp.  64-65. 

(a)  Statute  of  Quia  E7nptores. 

(b)  Statute  of  De  Do7iis. 

(c)  Statute  of  Q2C0  Warraiito. 

2.  King    and    Church — Statute    of    Mortmain,     1279. 

Montague,  pp,  66-67. 

3.  King  and  Commerce. 

(a)  Wool  trade. 

(b)  Expulsion  of  Jews. 

4.  King  and  Model  Parliament,    1295 — Confirmation  of 

Charters.    Montague,  pp.  68-71. 

5.  King  and  administration  of  Justice— Statute  of  Win- 

chester. 

6.  Relations  with  Wales,  1 276-1 284.   Bradley,  (r/j/;z^ze'r, 

pp.  68-81. 

7.  Relations  with  Scotland.    M.2i^\M^\,  Robert  the  Brtice, 

Chaps.  II-VII. 

(a)  Award  of  Norham. 

(b)  Conquest  of  Scotland,  1296. 

(c)  Revolt  of  Wallace. 

(d)  Revolt  of  Bruce. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  268-280,  316;  Larned,  §§  66-74; 
Gard.,  pp.  208-224  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  132-145  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  VIII  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XI  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  305-368, 
385-395  ;  Stubbs,  Early  Plaiitage^iets,  Chaps.  X-XI  ;  Jenks, 
Edward  /;  Tout,   Edward  I \  Bright,   Vol.  I,  pp.    171-196. 

Edward  II,  1 307-1 327. 

1.  Edward  and  his  favorites — Piers  Gaveston. 

2.  Loss  of  Scotland — Bannockburn,    13 14.     Maxwell, 

Robert  the  Bruce,  Chaps.  VIII-XIII. 

3.  Deposition  and  its  importance. 

References  :  Mont. ,  §§  281-286  ;  Larned  §§  75-76  ;  Gard., 
pp.  224-231  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  152-156;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  Chap. 
IX  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XII  ;  Stubbs,  Early  Pla^itagenets,  Chap. 
XII  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  197-21 1  ;  Green,  Vol.  I,  pp.  395- 
411. 


—  21  — 

Edward  III,  1327-1377. 

1.  Scottish  policy — Halidon  Hill,    1333.      Ashley,  Ed- 

wa7'd  III  and  his  wars;  Maxwell,  Robert  the  Bruce, 
Chaps.  XIV-XVII. 

2.  Hundred  Years'  War. 

(a)  Causes. 

(b)  Sluys,  1340. 

(c)  Crecy,  1346. 

(d)  Poitiers,  1356. 

(e)  Peace  of  Bretigny,  1360. 

(f )  Effects  on  England — Growth  of  parliament. 

3.  Black  Death   and  its  effects — Statute  of  Labourers, 

1349- 

4.  Church  under  Edward  III. 

(a)  Statute  of  Praemunire. 

(b)  Statute  of  Provisors. 

(c)  Career  of  Wicliffe  and  results  of  his  teaching. 

5.  Ireland  under  Edward — Statute  of  Kilkenny,  1367. 

Joyce,  Part  III,  Chap.  XII. 

6.  Rise  of  Literature  — Mandeville,  Langland,  Wicliffe, 

Chaucer. 

7.  Encouragement   of    Manufactures — Introduction    of 

Flemish  Weavers. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  287-300;  Earned,  pp.  167-178, 
184-185  ;  Gard.,  Chaps.  XV-XVI  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  156-162, 
164-181  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  Chap.  X;  Oman,  Chap.  XIII; 
Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  213-241,  266-274 ;  Sergeant,  Wyclif  \ 
Warburton,  Edward  III \  Green,   Vol.   I,  pp.  411-461,  Vol. 

II,  PP-  903-904- 

Richard  II,  1377-1399- 

1.  Peasant  Revolt. 

(a)  Causes. 

(b)  Results. 

2.  Rise  of  Lollards  and  translation  of  Bible. 

3.  Tyranny  of  Richard. 

4.  Deposition. 

5.  Social  and  Economic  condition  of  people  under  the 

Plantagenets.     Gard.,  pp.  165-172. 


—  22  — 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  301-310,  323-330  ;  learned,  §§  86- 
89,  91-96;  Gard.,  Chaps.  XVII-XVIII  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp. 
109-114,  162-164,  181-184;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  Chap.  XI; 
Oman,  Chap.  XIV  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  242-274  ;  Green, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  368-385,  461-468,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469-512  ;  Gairdner, 
Lancaster  and  York,  Chap,  II. 

Lancastrian   England. 

Henry  IV,  1399-1413. 

1.  Henry's  title. 

2.  Religions  policy — Persecution  of  Lollards. 

3.  Relations  with  Wales— Owen  Glendower.     Bradley, 

Gly^idwr ,  Chaps.  III-XI. 

4.  Revolt  of  the  Percies — Shrewsbury. 

5.  Relations  with  Scotland. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  331-337,  372  ;  Larned,  §§  97-102  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  289-299  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  187-191  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XII  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XV  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  275-286; 
Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  513-516  ;  Gairdner,  Lancaster  a?id  York, 
Chap.  IV. 

Henry  V,  1413-1422. 

1.  Trouble  with  the  Lollards — Oldcastle. 

2.  Hundred  Years'  War  ( Continued  j. 

(a)  Causes. 

(b)  Agincourt,  1415. 

(c)  Seige  of  Rouen. 

(d)  Treaty  of  Troyes,  1420. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  338-343  ;  Larned,  §§  103-105  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  299-306  ;  C.  &K.,  pp.  191-194  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XIII  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XVI  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  287- 
302  ;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  516-525  ;  Gairdner,  Lancaster  and 
York,  Chap.  V  ;  Kingsford,  Henry  V. 

Henry  VI,  1422-1461. 

I.    Hundred  Years'  War  (Concluded). 

(a)  Campaigns  of  Bedford  and  Gloucester. 

(b)  Joan  of  Arc. 

(i)  At  Orleans. 

(2)  Coronation  of  French  King. 

(3)  Martyrdom. 


—  23  — 

(c)  King's  marriage. 

(d)  Loss  of  France  except  Calais. 

2.   Wars  of  Roses,  1 450-1 485.  Thompson,  Wars  of  York 
and  Lancaster. 

(a)  Indirect  causes — State  of  England. 

(i)  Power  of  Nobles. 

(2)  Decline  of  Church. 

(3)  Decline  in  Parliament. 

(b)  Direct  causes. 

(i)  Dissatisfaction    with  government — Cade's 

Rebellion. 
(2)   Hostility    of   Houses   of   York  and  Lan- 
caster. 

(c)  St.  Albans,  1455. 

(d)  Northampton,  1460. 

(e)  Wakefield,  1460. 

(f)  Towton,  1 46 1. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  344-356,  371  ;  Larned,  g§  106-112; 
Gard.,  Chaps.  XX-XXI  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  194-201  ;  Smith, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  261-267  ;  Oliphant,  Jeanne  d' Arc,  Chaps.  III- 
VI;  Oman,  Chap.  XVII,  pp.  245-253;  Bright,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  303-327  ;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  526-555  ;  Oman,  Warwick ; 
Gairdner,  Lancaster  and  York,  Chap.  VII. 

Yorkist  England. 

Edward  IV,  1461-1483.     Wars  of  Roses  (Continued). 

1.  Relations  with  Warwick,  "  King  Maker." 

2.  Barnet,   1471. 

3.  Tewkesbury,  1471. 

4.  Character  and  government  of  King. 

5.  Introduction  of  printing — Caxton. 

References  :  Mont.  §§  357-360  ;  Earned,  §§  113-114,  118  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  329-337  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  200-202  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  267-272  ;  Gairdner,  Lancaster  arid  York,  Chap.  VIII  ; 
Oman,  pp.  254-264;  Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  328-340;  Green, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  555-584;  Oman,   Warwick. 

Edward  V,  1483.      Wars  of  Roses  (Continued). 

1.  Guardianship  of  Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester. 

2.  Murder  of  Princes. 


—  24  — 

References:  Mont.,  §§  361-363;  Larned,  §§  115  ;  Gard., 
pp.  337-341;  C.  &  K.,  p.  202  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  p.  272  ;  Gaird- 
w&c^  Lancaster  and  York,  Chap.  IX;  Oman,  pp.  264-266; 
Bright,  Vol.  I,  pp.  341-344  ;  Green.  Vol.  II,  p.  584. 

Richard  III,  1483- 1485.     Wars  of  Roses  (Concluded). 

1.  Character  of  government. 

2.  Bosworth  Field. 

3.  Effect  of  Wars. 

4.  Social  and  economic  condition  of  people  under  I^an- 

castrians  and  Yorkists. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  364-369,  374-378;  Larned,  §§ 
115-117;  Gard.,  pp.  338-343;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  202-209; 
Oman,  pp.  266-271  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  pp.  273-278  ;  Gaird- 
ner,  Lajicaster  and  York,  Chaps.  X,  XII  ;  Bright,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  344-354;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  584-587- 

Tudor  England. 

Henry  VII,  1485-1509. 

1.  Characteristics  of  New  Government. 

(a)  Power  of  King.     Montague,  pp.  100-104. 

(b)  Power  of  Parliament.     Montague,  pp.  94-100. 

2.  Pretenders,  Simnel  and  Warbeck. 

3.  Restrictions  on  the  Barons — Morton. 

(a)  Livery  and  Maintenance. 

(b)  Court  of  Star  Chamber. 

4.  Financial  Policy — Kmpson  and  Dudley. 

5.  Foreign  Policy — Marriage  of  Sons. 

6.  Henry  and  Scotland — Marriage  of  Daughter. 

7.  Henry  and  Ireland — Poynings'  Law,    1494.    Joyce, 

Part  III,  Chap.  XV. 

8.  Commerce  and  Discovery. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  379-389;  Larned,  §§  119-126; 
Gard.,  Chap.  XXIII  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  214-220  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XV  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XX  ;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  587- 
593 >  904  ;  Moberly,  Early  Ttcdors,  Chaps.  I-VII  ;  Bright, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  355-365  ;  Gairdner,  He7iry  the  Seveiith. 


—  25  — 

Henry  VIII,  1509-1547. 

1 .  Character  of  King. 

2.  Relations  with  ParHament. 

3.  Early  foreign  policy. 

4.  Period  of  Wolsey.     Creighton,  Cardinal  Wolsey. 

(a)  Foreign  affairs. 

(b)  Oxford  Reformers. 

5.  Reformation  in  England. 

(a)  First  Stage  to  1536 — Political. 

(i)   Character    of    Reformation    in    Europe — 
Henry  and  I^uther. 

(2)  Beginnings  in  England. 

(3)  Execution  of  More  and  Fisher. 

(b)  Second  Stage — Religious. 

( 1 )  Ten  Articles. 

(2)  Suppression  of  the  Monasteries. 

(3)  Part  of  Cromwell  and  Parliament. 

(4)  Cranmer's  Reforms. 

(5)  King's  Marriages. 

(6)  Results    of    Reformation  — Pilgrimage    of 
Grace. 

6.  Henry  and  Scotland. 

(a)  Flodden  Field,  15 13. 

(b)  Solway  Moss,  1542. 

7.  Henry  and    Ireland.     Joyce,    pp.    354-388  ;    Green, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  906-916. 

References:  Mont.,  ^§  390-412;  learned,  gg  127-146  ; 
Gard. ,  Chaps.  XXIV-XXVI  ;  C.  &  K. ,  pp.  220-236  ;  Smith, 
Vol.  I,  Chap.  XVI  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XXI,  pp.  296-308  ; 
Moberly,  Early  Tudors,  Chaps.  VIII-XVI  ;  Bright,  Vol. 
II,  pp.  366-421,  479-487  ;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  593-709- 

Edward  VI,  i547-i553. 

I.   Period  of  Somerset. 

(a)  Edward  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

(b)  Progress  of  Reformation, 
(i)   Renewed  Confiscations. 

(2)  Reforms  of  Cranmer. 

(3)  Popular  discontent — Ket's  Rebellion. 


—  26  — 

(c)   Fall  of  Somerset. 
(2)   Period  of  Northumberland. 

(a)  Edward  and  Education. 

(b)  Edward  and  Charity, 

(c)  Edward's  Will — Lady  Jane  Grej'. 
References:    Mont.,    §§    413-419;   Larned,  §§    147-153; 

Gard.,  pp.  412-421  ;  C.  &  K. ,  pp.  236-240;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XVII  ;  Oman,  pp.  308-313  ;  Bright,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
422-443  ;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  709-716. 

Mary,  1553-155S. 

1.  Wyatt's  Rebellion. 

2.  Queen's  Marriage. 

3.  Mary  and  Reformation. 

4.  Loss  of  Calais. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  420-427;  Larned,  §§154-159; 
Gard.,  pp.  421-427  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  240-244  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XVIII  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XXIII  ;  Bright,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
444-461  ;  Green,  Vol.  II,  pp.  716-731. 

Elizabeth,  1558-1603. 

1.  Personality  and  Internal  Government. 

(a)  Situation  at  her  accession. 

(b)  Character  of  Elizabeth. 

(c)  Elizabeth    and    Reformation.      Montague,    pp. 

109-1 10. 
(i)   Act  of  Uniformity. 
(2)  Act  of  Supremacy. 

(d)  Elizabeth  and  Commerce. 

(e)  Elizabeth's  court  and  Parliament. 

2.  Relations  with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

(a)  Earl}^  life  of  Mary. 

(b)  Mary's  claims  to  English  Throne. 

(c)  Reformation  in  Scotland — John  Knox. 

(d)  Character  of  Mary's  relations  w^ith  the  Presby- 

terians. 

(e)  Her  marriages. 

(f)  Mar}^  in  P^ngland. 

(g)  Her  Execution. 


—  27  — 

3-   Relations  with  Foreign  States. 

(a)  Elizabeth's  peace  policy. 

(i)  Question  of  her  marriage  and  its  import- 
ance. 

(2)  Relations  with  Spain,  Holland  and  France. 

(3)  How  and  why  peace  was  maintained. 

(4)  Results  of  peace  policy. 

(b)  Her  war  policy  -  Spanish  Armada  and   its  re- 

sults, 1588.    Creighton,  Elizabeth,  Book  VI, 
Chap.  II. 

4.  Relations  with  Ireland. 

5.  Growth  of  literature. 

6.  Social  and  economic  condition  of  people  under  Tudors 
References:     Mont..    §§   428-457,   461-466;     Larned,   §§ 

160-182  ;  Gard.,  Chaps.  XXVIII-XXX  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp 
244-265,  Chap.  IX;  Smith,  Vol.  I,  Chap.  XIX;  Green 
Vol.  II,  pp.  732-931,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  933-966;  Feilden,  pp 
288-290  ;  Hallam,  Chaps.  III-V  ;  Beesly,  Elizabeth  ;  Oman 
Chap.  XXIV  ;  Creighton,  Elizabeth  ;  Bright,  Vol.  II,  pp 
488-580. 

Stuart  England. 

James  I,  1603- 1625. 

1.  Character  of  King. 

2.  King   and    Religion — Hampton    Court    Conference, 

1604. 

3.  How  King  Governed. 

(a)  Power  of  Parliament — Lord  Bacon.    Montague, 

pp.  115-117- 

(b)  Power  of  Favorites. 

4.  Gunpowder  Plot,  1605. 

5.  Exploration  and  Colonization. 

6.  King  and  Ireland. 

7.  King  and  Spain. 

(a)  Thirty  Years'  War. 

(b)  Raleigh. 

(c)  Spanish  marriage. 

References:  Mont.,  §§467-480;  Larned,  §§183-201; 
Gard.,  Chap.  XXXf ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  285-295  ;  Smith,  Vol. 
I,  Chap.  XX  ;    Oman,    Chap.    XXV  ;  Piwitaii    Revolution^ 


—  28  — 

Chaps.  I-II,  III,  §  I  ;  Hallam,  Chap.  VI;  Bright,  Vol.  II, 
pp.  581-607  ;  Green,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  967-1019. 

Charles  I,  1625-1649. 

1.  Period  of   King's  personal  government,  1625-1634. 

Puritan    Revolution,     pp.     48-84;    Gard.,     Chap. 
XXXII. 

(a)  Character  of  Charles. 

(b)  His  French  marriage  and  its  consequences. 

(c)  His  need  of  money  and  how  met. 

(d)  Relations    with    Parliament.      Montague,   pp. 
118-120. 

(i)   Leaders  of  Parliament — Eliot,   Hampden 
and  Pym. 

(2)  Petition  of  Rights,  1628.    Old  Soiith  Leaf- 
lets, No.  23. 

(3)  Question  of  tonnage  and  poundage. 

2.  Period    of    Great    Civil  War.     Puritan    Revolution, 

Chaps.  V-VII. 

(a)  Indirect  Cause — Attempt  to  rule  without  Par- 
liament.    Montague,  pp.  120-123. 

(i)  Imprisonment  and  death  of  Eliot. 
(2)   Devices  for  raising  money — Hampden  and 
Ship-Money.    Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  60. 

(b)  Direct  Causes. 

(i)   Church  policy   of    Laud.     Montague,  pp. 
123-124. 

(a)  Laud's  idea. 

(b)  Laudism  in  England  and   its  conse- 
quences— Colonization  of  America. 

(c)  Laudism  in  Scotland   and   its  conse- 
quences— Bishops'  Wars  and  Result. 

(2)   Long  Parliament  and    King.     Montague, 
pp.  124-129. 

(a)  Attainder  and  execution  of  Strafford. 
Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  61. 

(b)  Religious  measures — Party   of  Falk- 
land. 

(c)  Grand     Remonstrance.       Old    South 
Leaflets,  No.  24. 


—  29  — 

(d)   Case  of  Five  Members. 
(3)   Insurrection  in  Ireland. 

(c)  I  St.   Stage   Edgehill   to  Marston    Moor,    1642- 

1644. 
(i)   Division  of  England  between  Roundheads 
and  Cavaliers. 

(2)  Alliance  with  Scotland.     Old  South  Leaf- 
lets, No.  25. 

(3)  King  and  Ireland. 

(d)  2nd.  Stage,   Marston  Moor  to  Naseby,   1644- 

1645.      Eirth,    Chaps.   VI-VII  ;     Morley, 
Book  II,  Chaps.  I-IV. 
(i)   Cromwell's  Ironsides — New  Model  Army. 

(2)  Execution  of  Laud. 

(3)  Hostility  of  Scots  to  Parliament. 

(e)  3rd.   Stage    Naseby    to    Execution    of    King, 

1 645-1 649.      Morley,   Book  II,   Chap.  V, 
Book  III. 
(i)   Surrender  to  Scots. 

(2)  King's  Negotiations  with  Army. 

(3)  King's    Escape    and    vSecond    Civil    War, 
1648.     Firth,  Chap.  X. 

(4)  Pride's  Purge. 

(5)  Trial  and  Execution.    Firth,  Chap.  XI. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  481-501;  Larned,  §§  202-246; 
Gard.,  Chaps.  XXXII-XXXV ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  295-320; 
Smith,  Vol.  I,  Chap,  XXI ;  Green,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1019-1204; 
Oman,  Chap.  XXVI,  pp.  380-402  ;  Hallam,  Chaps.  VII-X, 
Part  I  ;  Harrison,  Cromwell,  Chaps.  III-VII  ;  Bright,  Vol. 
II,  pp.  608-687. 

Commonwealth,  1649-1653. 

(i)   Nature  of  Government. 

(2)  Its  supporters— Cromwell,  Vane,  and  Milton. 

(3)  Attempts  to  restore  Stuarts. 

(a)  Cromwell  in  Ireland  —  Massacre  of  Drogheda 
(Tredah),   1649. 

(b)  Cromwell  in  Scotland — Dunbar  and  Worcester, 
1650-1651. 


—  30  — 

(4)  Commercial  policy. 

(a)  Navigation  Act. 

(b)  War  with  the  Dutch. 

(5)  Cromwell  and    Army   vs.   Parliament— Barebones' 
Parliament. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  502-506;  Larned,  §§  247-257; 
Gard.,  pp.  561-568  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  321-324  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XXII  ;  Green,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1 205-1 232  ;  Puritan 
Revolution,  Chap.  VIII  ;  Morley,  Book  IV  ;  Firth,  Chaps. 
XII-XV  ;  Corbett,  Monk,  Chaps.  VI-VII  ;  Harrison,  Cro7n- 
well,  Chaps.  VIII-X  ;  Oman,  pp.  402-412  ;  Bright,  Vol.  II, 
pp.  688-704. 

Oliver  Cromwell,  Protector,  1 653-1 658. 

1.  How  Protectorate  was  established. 

2.  Form  of  Government — Instrument  of  Government. 

Montague,  pp.  132-133  ;  Old  Soiith  Leaflets,  No.  27. 

3.  Character  of  Cromwell. 

4.  Foreign  Policy— War  with  Spain. 

5.  Internal  Policy. 

6.  Death  and  question  of  succession. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  507-514;  Larned,  §§  258-262; 
Gard.,  pp.  568-574  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  324-329  ;  Smith,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  XXIII  ;  Green,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1233-1271  ;  Morley, 
Book  V  ;  Firth,  Chaps.  XVI-XXI  ;  Doaunents,  pp.  407- 
416  ;  Puritan  Revohition ,  Chap.  IX  ;  Corbett,  Mo7ik,  Chap. 
VIII  ;  Harrison,  Cromwell,  Chaps.  XI-XIV ;  Oman,  pp. 
412-416;  Bright,  Vol.  II,  pp.  704-715. 

Richard  Cromwell,  Protector,  1658- 1660. 

1.  Character  of  Protector. 

2.  Relations  with  army. 

3.  Restoration  of  Stuarts.     Montague,  pp.  133-134. 

(a)  Monk's  part. 

(b)  Restoration  of  Long  Parliament. 

(c)  Declaration  of  Breda,  1660. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  515-518;  Larned,  §§  263-266; 
Gard.,  pp.  574-577  I  C.  &  K.,  pp.  329-330;  Green,  Vol. 
Ill,  pp.  1271-1285  ;  Puritari  Revohition,  Chap.  X,  §§  1-2  ; 
Corbett,  Monk,  pp.  1 12-194;  Oman,  pp.  416-419;  Bright, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  715-721  ;  Airy,  English  Restoration,  Chap.  VII. 


—  31  — 

Charles  II,  1660-1685.     Taylor,  England  tinder  Charles  II. 

1.  Period  of  Edward  Hyde,  Karl  of  Clarendon,    1660- 

1667. 

(a)  Relations  of  King  and  Parliament. 

(b)  Religious  persecution,    Montague,  pp.  137-138. 

(i)  The  Non- Conformists. 

(2)  Corporation  Act. 

(3)  Conventicle  Act. 

(4)  Five  Mile  Act. 

(c)  Foreign  Affairs. 

(i)  Sale  of  Dunkirk. 

(2)  King's  marriage  and  results. 

(3)  Dutch  War. 

(d)  Plague  and  Fire. 

(e)  Fall  of  Clarendon. 

2.  Period  of  the  Cabal,  1667-1674. 

(a)  Foreign  affairs. 

(i)  Triple  Alliance,  1668. 
(2)  Treaty  of  Dover. 

(b)  Religious  difficulties. 

(i)  Declaration  of  Indulgence,  1672. 
(2)  Test  Act,  1673. 

3.  Period  of  Danby  and  closing  years. 

(a)  Opposition  to  Danby — Shaftesbury  and  the  rise 

of  parties. 

(b)  Anti-Catholic  measures.  Montague,  pp.  141 -142. 

(i)  Popish  Plot. 
(2)  Exclusion  Bill. 

(c)  Habeas  Corpus  Act.     Montague,  pp.  142-143. 

(d)  Rye  House  Plot. 

4.  Charles  II  and  Scotland. 

5.  Charles  II  and  Ireland. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  519-536;  Larned,  §§  267-284; 
Gard.,  Chaps.  XXXVII-XL  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  332-347;  Smith, 
Vol.  II,  Chap.  I  ;  Green,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1317-1409,  Vol.  IV, 
pp.  1411-1441  ;  Hale,  Fall  0/ Stuarts,  Chaps.  I-VI  ;  Airy, 
Enolish  Restoration,  Chaps.  VII-XXII  ;  Hallam,  Chaps. 
XI-XIII  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XXIX  ;  Bright,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
722-760  ;  Puritan  Revolution,  pp.  190-202. 


—  32  — 

James  II,  1685-1688. 

1.  Character. 

2.  Rebellions  of  Argyle  and  Monmouth. 

3.  Struggle  of  King  and  Parliament. 

(a)  Dispensing  Power. 

(b)  Catholic  Policy. 

(i)   Declaration  of  Indulgence. 

(2)  Case  of  Fellows  of  Magdalen. 

(3)  Case  of  Seven  Bishops. 

4.  Revolution  of  1688  in  England — Landing  of  William 

and  Flight  of  James. 
References:  Mont.,  §§537-545  1  Larned,  §§  284-295; 
Gard.,  Chap.  XLI  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  347-355  ;  Smith,  Vol.  II. 
Chap.  II  ;  Hale,  Fall  of  Stuarts,  Chaps.  VII-XII,  pp.  139- 
142  ;  Montague,  pp.  144-146  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XXX  ;  Bright, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  761-789  ;  Green,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  1441-1487. 

William  and  Mary,  1689-1702. 

1.  Revolution   in   Ireland — Siege  of  Londonderry    and 

Battle  of  the  Boyne. 

2.  Revolution  in  Scotland — Massacre  of  Glencoe. 

3.  Checks  on  the  power  of  the  King. 

(a)  Declaration  of  Rights  and  Bill  of  Rights.    Doc- 
uvients,  pp.  462-469  ;  Montague,  pp.  146-148. 

(b)  Mutiny  Act. 

(c)  Whig  Junto. 

4.  Benefits  of  the  Revolution.     Montague,  pp.  150-156. 

(a)  Toleration  Act. 

(b)  Triennial  Act. 

(c)  Freedom  of  Press. 

(d)  Bank  of  England. 

(e)  Act  of  Settlement  1701. 

5.  Struggle  with  Louis  XIV. 

(a)  Causes. 

(b)  La  Hogue. 

(c)  Treaty  of  Ryswick. 

(d)  Preparations  for  new  war. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  546-554;  Larned,  g§  296-311; 
Gard.,  Chaps.  XLH-XLIH  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  358-369  ;  Smitli, 
Vol.   II,   Chap.   Ill  ;   Hale,    Fall  of  Stuarts,  pp.  142-235  ; 


—  33  — 

Hassall,  Loins  XIV,  Chap.  X,  p.  19;  Traill,  William  III ; 
Oman,  Chap.  XXXI  ;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  806-874  ;  Green, 
Vol.  IV,  pp.  1487-1545. 

Anne,  1702-1714. 

1.  Character  of  Queen. 

2.  Growth  of  parties. 

3.  Marlborough  and  War  of  Spanish  Succession. 

(a)  Influence  of  Marlborough  over  the  Queen. 

(b)  Marlborough's  victories. 

(c)  Case  of  Dr.  Sacheverell. 

(d)  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  171 3. 

4.  Union  with  Scotland,  1707.    Montague,  pp.  158-161. 

5.  Growth  of  Literature. 

6.  Social  and  economic  condition  of  people  under  the 

Stuarts. 
References:  Mont.,  §§  555-565,  569-580;  Larned.  §§ 
312-319  ;  Gard.,  Chap.  XLIV;  C.  &K.,  pp.  369-374;  Smith, 
Vol.  II,  Chap.  IV,  pp.  409-410  ;  Morris,  ^^^  of  Anne  ;  Has- 
sall, Louis  XIV,  Chaps.  XII-XIV  ;  Lecky,  Vol.  I,  Chap. 
I  ;  Oman,  Chap.  XXXII  ;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  875-928  ; 
Green,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  1545-1576. 

Hanoverian   England. 

George  I,  1714-1727. 

1.  Effect  of  change  in   line   of   Kings.     Montague,  pp. 

162-173. 

2.  Rising  of  the  "  15". 

3.  Walpole  as  Prime  Minister. 

(a)  His  rise — South  Sea  Bubble. 

(b)  His  method  of  controlling  Parliament. 

(c)  His  financial  policy. 

References  :    Mont.,    §§  581-588  ;    Larned,    §§  320-327  ; 
Gard.,    pp.  702-718;    C.  &  K.,   pp.  375-379;  Lecky.   Vol. 

I,  Chap.  II,  pp.  364-436  ;  Morris,  Early  Hanoveria7is , 
Book  I,  Chaps.  I-XII  ;  Morley,  Walpole,  Chaps.  IV-IX, 
pp.  200-214;  Oman,  pp.  482-494;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill, 
pp.  929-965;  Green,  Vol.  IV,   pp.  1577-1596;  Smith,  Vol. 

II,  pp.  154-180. 


—  34  — 

George  II,  1727-1760. 

1.  Walpole  as  Prime  Minister  (Concluded). 

(a)  Opposition  to  Walpole. 

(b)  His  fall— War  of  Jenkins's  Ear. 

(c)  Methodist  Revival. 

2.  War    of    Austrian     Succession — Treaty    of    Aix-la- 

Chapelle,  1748. 

3.  Rising  of  the  "45". 

4.  Seven  Years'  War,  1 756-1 763. 

(a)  Period  of  Disaster  and  Results. 

(b)  The  Elder  Pitt  as  Minister.   Green, /^zV/,  Chaps. 

III-IV. 
(i)   Conquest  of  Canada. 

(2)   Robert  Clive  and  the   Conquest  of  India. 
Hunter,  hidian  Peoples,  pp.  176-186. 

(a)  Black  Hole  of  Calcutta. 

(b)  Plassey,  1757. 

References  :  Mont.,  §§  589-596  ;  Earned,  §§  328-341  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  718-764  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  379-389  ;  Eecky,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  436-471  ;  Vol.  II  ;  Morris,  Early  Hanoverians,  pp. 
84-179  ;  Morley,  Walpole,  pp.  214-251  ;  Oman,  pp.  495- 
531  ;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  966-1033  ;  Green,  Vol.  IV,  pp. 
1596-1655  ;  Smith,  Vol.  II,  pp.  181-194,  4ii~4i5- 

George  III,  1760-1820. 

I.   Personal  Government  of  the  King.     Montague,  pp. 
174-184. « 
fa)   Early  Life  and  Character  of  King. 

(b)  Party  of  the  "  King's  Friends." 

(c)  Relations  with  Eords  Bute  and  North. 

(d)  Evidences  of  Opposition. 
( i)   In  England. 

(a)  Career  of  Wilkes. 

(b)  Eetters  of  Junius. 

(c)  Gordon  Riots. 

(2.)  In  America — American  Revolution. 
(3)   In  Ireland. 

(a)  Irish  Volunteers. 

(b)  Irish  relief  measures. 


—  35  — 

(e)  Expansion  of  Empire. 

(i)  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

(2)  India-Hastings.      Macaulay,    Hastings; 
Trotter,  Hastings. 
(f  )   Failure  of  George  III  and  reasons  therefor. 

2.  Period  of  Younger  Pitt. 

(a)  Peace  policy  of  Pitt. 

(b)  War  policy  of  Pitt. 

(i)  Nature  and  Cause  of  French  Revolution. 

(2)  Its  Influence  on  England. 

(3)  Cause  of  English  interference  in  the  Revo- 
lution. 

(4)  French  in  Ireland. 

(5)  War  on  Sea — Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797. 

(6)  Napoleon  in  Egypt — Battle  of  Nile,  1798. 

(c)  Irish  Union   and    Resignation    of    Pitt,    i8oor-/8(?( 
Montague,  pp.  186-188. 

3.  Struggle  with  Napoleon.    Morris,  Napoleon  ;  Ropes, 

Napoleon. 

(a)  Rise  of  Napoleon  and  Causes. 

(b)  Peace  of  Amiens,  1802,  and  Renewal  of  War. 

(c)  Camp  at  Boulogne,  1804-1805. 

(d)  Trafalgar  and  Austerlitz,  1805. 

(e)  Commercial  struggle — War  of  181 2. 
(f  )  War  in  Spain  and  rise  of  Wellington. 

(g)  Overthrow  of  Napoleon — Leipzig  and  Water- 
loo 1815. 
(h)   Congress  of  Vienna,    1814-1815. 

4.  England    after    Waterloo — Period    of    Castlereagh. 

Montague,  pp.  191-193. 

(a)  Corn  Laws  and  Manufacturing  Distress. 

(b)  Repressive  Measures. 

( 1 )  Suspension  of  Habeas  Corpus  Act. 

(2)  Manchester  Massacre. 

(3)  Six  Acts. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  597-614;  Larned,  §§  342-379; 
Gard.,  Chaps,  XLVIII-LIV,  pp.  875-880;  C.  &  K.,  pp. 
389-430  466-473  ;  Smith,  Vol.  II,  Chap.  VI,  pp.  415-423  ; 
Lecky,  Vols.  III-VII ;  McCarthy,  Epoch  of  Reform,  pp. 
i-io,    12-17;   SoxxiXi^y,  Lord  Nelson)    Gr^&w,  Pitt,  Earl  of 


-36- 

Chatham,  Chaps.  V-IX  ;  Rosebery,  Pitt ;,  Hunter,  Indian 
People,  pp.  187-190;  Oman,  Chaps.  XXXV-XX  XVIII, 
pp.  633-641  ;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1035-1363;  Green,  Vol. 
IV,  pp.  1 657-1 83 1  ;   Hooper,   Wellington,  Chaps.  I-IX. 

George  IV,  1820-1830. 

1.  Period  of  Canning. 

(a)  Cato  Street  Conspiracy. 

(b)  Relations  with  Holy  Alliance. 

(c)  Relations  with  Ireland. 

(d)  Police  S3^stem  and  reform  of  Criminal  Law. 

2.  Period  of  Wellington — Catholic   Emancipation   and 

Catholic  Relief  Measures.  Dunlop,  O'  Connell, 
Chaps.  IX-X  ;  Montague,  pp.  196-198. 
References:  Mont.,  §§  615-621  ;  Larned,  §§  380-385  ; 
Gard.,  pp.  880-898  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  430-431  ;  Smith,  Vol. 
II,  Chap.  VII  ;  McCarthy,  Epoch  of  Reform,  pp.  10-12, 
21-23  ;  Oman,  pp.  641-647  ;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1364 
-14.17  ;  Green,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  1831-1835.  Hooper,  Welling- 
ton, Chap.  X. 

WilHam  IV,  1830-1837. 

1 .  Character. 

2.  Reform  Bill  of   1832 — Russell.    Montague,    pp.   203- 

208  ;  May,  Vol.  I,  Chap.  VI. 

3.  Abolition  of  slavery. 

4.  Factory  Laws. 

5.  Poor  Law. 

6.  Change  in  party  names  and  principles. 
References:     Mont.,     §§622-628;  Larned,    §§386-391; 

Gard.,  pp.  898-914  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  431-434,  474-475  ;  Smith, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  341-376  ;  McCarthy,  Epoch  of  Reform,  Chaps. 
III-IX  ;  Oman,  pp.  647-658  ;  Bright,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1418- 
1472;  Green,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  1835-1836. 

Victoria,  1837-1901. 

1.  Character  and  influence  of  Queen. 

2.  Internal  History. 

(a)  Chartist  Movement,  18 38- 1848. 

(b)  Peel  and  Abolition  of  Corn  Laws. 

(c)  Second  Reform  Bill,  1867.    Montague,  pp.  208- 

210. 


—  zi  — 

(d)  Educational  reform. 

(e)  Third  Reform  Bill,  1884.  Montague,  pp.  210-21 1. 

3.  Relations  with  Ireland.     Dunlop,  O'Connell,  Chaps. 

XIV-XV. 

(a)  Irish  land  question. 

(b)  "  Young  Ireland  "  movement. 

(c)  Fenian  movement  of  1867. 

(d)  Gladstone's  Irish  polic3^  Montague,  pp.  200-201. 

4.  Relations  with  Foreign  States(,  UcCu^^^<^  ^wdLCcL-*^  0  ,Mu<.ciJ). 

(a)  The  Opium  War,  1839-1842.  ^ 

(b)  Palmerston  and  the  Crimean  War,  1 854-1 856. 

(c)  The  Sepoy  Mutiny,  1857-1858.   Hunter,  Indiayi 

Peoples,  222-230. 

(d)  Lord    Beaconsfield's    policy — Russo  -  Turkish 

War  and  Congress  of  Berlin,  1878. 

(e)  England  in  Egypt. 

(i)  Suez  Canal,  1869. 

(2)  Dual  control. 

(3)  Withdrawal  of  France. 

(4)  Loss  of  Soudan — Chinese  Gordon. 

(5)  Reconquest  of  Soudan  —  Kitchener. 

(6)  Fashoda  incident. 

(f)  The  British-Boer  War. 

(g)  Relations  with  the  United  States. 

(i)  Boundary  Treaties. 

(2)  Civil  War,  1861-1865. 

(3)  Venezuelan  Dispute. 

5.  Relations  with  Canada  and  Australia. 

6.  Literary  and  Scientific  progress. 

References:  Mont.,  §§  629-659;  Larned,  §§  392-420; 
Gard.,  pp.  914-972  ;  C.  &  K.,  pp.  434-462,  475-494  ;  Mc- 
Carthy, History  of  Our  Ow7i  Times',  John.ston,  Coloniza- 
tion of  Africa,  Chaps.  VI,  IX,  XII;  Oman,  pp.  658-740; 
Lord,  Beacon  Lights,  Vol.  VI,  Chaps.  VII,  XII  ;  Bright, 
Vol.  IV;  Green,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  1836-1850.  Holmes,  Victoria; 
Smith,  Vol.  II,  pp.  376-409,  423-431  ;  McCarthy,  Epoch  of 
Reform,  Chaps.  X-XIV. 

Edward  VII,  1901. 

I.   Conclusion  of  British-Boer  War. 


rr^  ■^^ , 


>>'*■ 


.'^r;. 


Suggestions  for  the  Year's  Study 


HISTOFkY  An^A. 


VASSAR  GOLLEGE 


Suggestions  vok  the  Year's  Study 


HISTORY  A,  AA. 


VASSAR  COLLEGE 


"  Take  these  hints  as  suggestions,  not  as  instructions,  and  improve  on  them  as 
you  grow  in  experience." 

"Historical  genius  consists  in  an  unlimited  capacity  for  taking  pains." 


HEN 


Copyright    1905 

by 

l/ucy  M.  Salmon. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  YEAR'S  STUDY 


HISTORY  A,  AA. 


VASSAR  COLLEGE 


I.    What    the    student    brings  to  the  general  elective 
courses  in  History. 

What  has  been  gained  from  one  3ear's  college  work  in  history. 

From  the  subject  studied  : 

a  bird's-eye  view  of  Western  Europe, 
.  an  appreciation  of  historical  developments, 
an  understanding  of  the  unity  and  continuity  of  history, 
historical  prospective, 
a  background  for  work  in  other  subjects. 

From  the  study  of  the  subject : 

ability  to  use  books, 

to  analyze  material, 

to  vivify  history, 

to  understand  the  difference  between  reading  history 

and  studying  history, 
to  appreciate  the  difference  between  history  and  histor- 
ical record, 
to   understand   w^hat    the    historian    does    in     writing 

history, 
to  connect  the  present  wdth  the  past  and  the  past  with 
the  present. 

"  The  roots  of  the  present  lie  deep  in  the  past, 
and  nothing  in  the  past  is  dead  to  the  man  who 
would  learn  how  the  present  comes  to  be  what 
it  is." — Stubbs. 


II.    What  the  student  should  gain  from  Courses  A,  A  A. 

From  the  subject  studied: 

a  longitudinal  view  of  the  development  of  America, 

a  knowledge  of  the  interdependence  of  the  history  of  America 

and  of  Europe, 
an  understanding  of  the  questions  of  the  day, 
an  appreciation  of  the  causes  that   have  led  to  the  develop- 
ment of  American  literature. 

From  the  study  of  the  subject: 

ability  to  prepare  short  topics  representing  a  single  idea,  as 
one    in  bibliography,    biography,    geography,    law 
making,   treat}-    making,    or   other  topics  that  are 
included  in  a  work  of  historj^ 
to  understand  the  processes  of  historical  investigation, 
to  discriminate  in  the  use  of  books, 
to  be  more  independent  in  work, 
to  be  more  accurate  in  work. 

' '  I  have  watched  the  work  of  graduates  of  colleges 
from  Canada  to  the  Gulf,  from  New  York  to  the 
Golden  Gate,  and  the  failing  nearly  all  had  to  combat 
was  a  lack  of  accuracv. ' ' 


III.    Material  with  which  the  student  works. 

1.  Books, 

a.  Bibliographies. 

Complete,  selected,  classified,  annotated. 

b.  Catalogues. 

library, 
dictionary,  author,  subject,  title. 

trade. 

c.  Documents. 

form, 
manuscripts,  facsimiles,  reprints,  translations. 

contents, 

records,  archives,  papers. 

d.  Official  publications. 

charters,  constitutions,  laws,  records,  reports. 

e.  Publications  of  historical  societies. 

nature  of  societies, 

general,  state,  local,   religious,  patriotic. 

works, 

collections,  proceedings,  papers,  monographs. 

f.  Personal  records. 

autobiographies,  biographies,  correspondence,  diaries, 
journals,  letters,  memoirs,  recollections,  reports, 
speeches,  works. 

g-.    Descriptions  by  travelers. 

h.    Histories. 

general, 

special,  as  regards, 
time,  subject,  place. 

2.  Periodicals. 

dailies,  weeklies,  monthlies,  quarterlies,  annuals. 

character, 

local,  general. 

location, 

college  library,  Adriance  memorial  librar3\ 

3.  Manuscripts. 

Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  Annual  Report  of 

the  Director,  1907. 
Putnam,    Herbert,    Mamiscript  Sources  for  American 

History,  North  American  Review,  April,   1904. 

4.  Geographical  material. 

maps,  relief  globe,  patents  and  charters,  treaties,  reports 
of  surveys,  bulletins  of  geographical  and  geological 
societies,  United  States  Census  Reports. 

drawing  tables, 

library  basement,  west  ^^'ing. 


IV.    Material  recommencled  to  everj'  student. 

1.    Books. 

a.  One  good  text-book,  e.  g  ,  Thwaites,   T/ie  Colonies. 

' '  Without  the  use  of  a  text  it  is  difficult  to  hold  to 
a  definite  line  of  work ;  there  is  danger  of  incoher- 
ence and  confusion.  Without  the  text,  one  will  lose 
sight  of  the  main  current ;  and  it  is  the  current  and 
not  the  eddies  which  one  should  watch." — Committee 
of  Seven. 

b.  One  secondary  work. 

' '  The  secondary  book  has  two  functions  ;  to  cover 
the  whole  field,  bridging  over  the  gaps  between 
sources ;  and  to  furnish  a  starting  point  from  which 
sources  may  be  examined,  in  order  to  extend  the 
text-book,  to  check  its  statements,  and  to  enliven 
them. '  '—Albert  Biishnell  Hart. 

Cheyney,  B.  P.     European  Background  of  American 

History.     $2.00.* 
Dewey,  Davis  R.     National  Problems.     $2.00.* 
Osgood,  H.  Iv.     The  American  Colojiies  in   the  Seven- 
teenth Century,  3  vols.     $9.00.* 

Roosevelt,    Theodore.        The     Win?iing   of  the    West. 

Sagamore  edition,  6  parts,  $3.00.* 
Smith,  Goldwin.      The  United  States.     An  Outline  of 

Political  History.^  1492-1871.    $2.00.* 
Turner,  F.  J.     The  Rise  of  the  New  West.    $2.00.* 

c.  Collection  of  sources. 

' '  Historical  sources  are  nothing  more  or  less  than 
records  made  at  or  near  the  time  of  events,  described 
by  men  who  took  part  in  them,  and  are,  therefore, 
qualified  to  speak. ' ' — Albert  Bushnell  Hart. 

Hart,  A.  B.,  editor.  American  History  told  by  Con- 
temporaries.    4  vols.     $8.00.* 

Hart,  A.  B.  and  Channing  K.,  editors.  American 
History  Leaflets.     33  numbers.  10  cents  each.** 

MacDonald,  W.  Select  Documents.  Abridged  edition 
(announced). 

Mead,  B.  D.,  editor.  Old  South  Leaflets.  190  num- 
bers, .05  each.** 

♦List  price.     Nearly  all  books  can  be  purchased  at  a  discount, 
—sometimes  of  20  per  cent. 

**For  titles,  consult  the  library  copies. 


d.  Government. 

"  It  is  essential  to  note  the  historical  development 
of  those  institutions  and  ideas  of  government  that 
have  become  characteristic  features  of  our  system, 
and  to  understand  the  practical  organization  of  the 
government  as  provided  for  by  the  framers  of  the 
constitution." 

Bryce,  James,      The  American  Commonzuealth ^  2  vols. 

54.00.* 
Hart,  A.  B.     Actual  Government.     52.00.* 

e.  Guides  to  literature. 

' '  Bibliographies  serve  to  guide  to  the  best  author- 
ities on  a  subject ;  to  the  best  editions  of  books;  to 
information  as  to  what  has  been  wTitten  by  an  author, 
or  on  a  special  subject;  to  the  author  of  a  book  when 
only  the  title  is  known;  to  what  has  been  published 
in  a  certain  country;  to  the  price  of  a  book;  to  the 
value  and  collation  of  rare  books,  and  to  much  other 
important  information." — Kroeger,  p.  65. 

"  A  merchant  or  banker,  when  he  has  taken  an  in- 
ventory of  his  assets,  is  not  content  wath  a  mere  enu- 
meration of  them  ;  he  deems  a  bare  list  of  no  worth 
whatever  until  each  item  has  been  carefully  valued. 
So,  I  take  it,  trustees  of  literature  will  enter  upon  a 
doubled  usefulness  when  they  can  set  before  the  public 
not  catalogues  merely,  but  also  a  judicious  discrimi- 
nation of  the  more  from  the  less  valuable  stores  in 
keeping." — George  lies. 

Channing,  E.   and   Hart,   A.    B.     Guide   to  American 
History.     $2.00.* 

Ivarned,    J.    N,       Litetature  of  American     History. 

$6.00.* 

f.  State  histories, 

'  *  To  understand  the  history  of  America  it  is  neces- 
sary to  study  the  history  of  its  various  common- 
wealths . ' ' 

The  following  volumes  are  issued  in  the  American 
Commonwealths  series:  California,  Cofinecticut, 
Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maryland, 
Michigan,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  Neiv  York 
(2  vols.,)  Ohio,  Rhode  Island,  Texas,  Vermo7it, 
Virginia.  The  maximum  price  is  $1.25  per  volume.* 
*  lyist  price. 


8 


g.     Biograpliies. 

'  'History  is  the  essence  of  innumerable  biographies. ' ' 
Aniertcaji  Statesmen^  31  vols.     $1.25  each.* 
Makers  of  America^  14  vols.     $1.00  each.* 
Historic  Lives ^  7  vols.  $1.00  each.* 

For  titles,  consult  the  library  copies. 

h.     Travels. 

"  Our  knowledge  of  the  inner  life  of  the  past  is  based 
to  a  considerable  extent  on  accounts  by  travelers  of 
what  they  saw  while  on  their  journeyings.  Perhaps 
it  would  be  better  to  regard  these  books  not  so  much 
as  descriptions  of  what  actually  passed  before  the 
tourist's  eyes,  as  descriptions  of  what  the  narrator 
thought  he  saw.  These  books  must  be  used  with 
the  greatest  caution  and  checked  in  every  possible 
way  by  reference  to  recorded  fact." — Channing  and 
HarL 

Select  some  description  given  of  early  travels  in  the 
section  of  America  in  which  your  home  is  situated. 
Consult  Channing  and  Hart  for  lists  and  Lamed  for 
annotations. 

i.     Illustrative  material. 

' '  Historical  events  and  movements  are  frequently 
fixed  in  the  memory  by  the  perusal  of  books  which 
may  be  inaccurate  in  themselves,  especially  as  to  de- 
tails, but  which,  nevertheless,  leave  a  permanent  and 
reasonably  correct  impression  on  the  mind  of  the 
reader. ' ' — Chan7iing  and  Hart. 

For  historical  novels,  dramas,  and  similar  material, 
consult  Suggestive  Lists  for  Summer  Reading  in 
History. 


2.    Accessories. 


A  tin  tray  with  library  cards  and  guide  cards  will 
be  found  useful  for  bibliographies.  Price,  complete 
outfit  (tray,  800  cards,  guide  cards),  $2.75. 

A  camera  will  be  useful  for  photographing  points  of 
historic  interest  near  Poughkeepsie. 

Postal  cards  collected  with  reference  to  the  subjects 
taken  up  will  lend  interest  and  understanding  to  the 
work. 

*  Irist  price. 


V.    General  outline  of  w  ork. 

1.  The  first  comers. 

2.  The  lirst  settlers,— 

wh}'  they  left  their  native  country, 
why  they  came  to  America, 
instructions  given  them, 
reception  accorded  them. 

3.  The  frontier. 

"American  development  has  exhibited  not  merel}' ad- 
vance along-  a  single  line,  but  a  return  to  primitive  con- 
ditions on  a  continually  advancing  frontier  line,  and  a 
new  development  for  the  area.  American  social  de- 
velopment has  been  continually  beginning  over  again  on 
the  frontier.  This  perennial  rebirth,  this  fluidity  of 
American  life,  this  expansion  westward  ^dth  its  new  op- 
portunities, its  continuous  touch  with  the  simplicity  of 
primitive  society,  furnish  the  forces  dominating  American 
character.  The  true  point  of  view  in  the  history  of  this 
nation  is  not  the  Atlantic  Coast,  it  is  the  Great  West." — 
F.  J.  Turner. 

a.  The  advancing  territorial  frontier  of  European 

nations. 

"Each  intruding  European  power,  in  winning  for 
itself  new  realms  beyond  the  seas,  had  to  wage  a  two- 
fold war,  overcoming  the  original  inhabitants  with 
one  hand  and  with  the  other,  warding  ofif  the  assaults 
of  the  kindred  nations  that  were  bent  on  the  same 
scheme. ' ' — Theodore  Roosevelt. 

' '  The  history  of  European  civilization  and  institu- 
tions on  this  continent  can  be  traced  ^^^th  precision 
and  fullness,  unless  we  become  forgetful  of  the  past, 
and  neglect  to  save  and  perpetuate  its  precious  me- 
morials."—/. A.  Gai'field. 

b.  The  advancing  settlement  frontier  of  individ- 

uals. 

"Land  was  the  object  which  invited  the  greater 
number  of  these  people  to  cross  the  mountain." — 
Joseph  Doddridge,  JS24. 

' '  French  colonization  was  dominated  by  its  trading 
frontier;  English  colonization  by  its  farming  frontier. 
There  was  an  antagonism  between  the  two  frontiers 
as  between  the  two  nations." — F.J.  Turner. 

' '  The  great  western  drift  of  our  people  began  al- 
most at  the  moment  when  they  became  Americans, 
and  ceased  to  be  merely  British  colonists. ' ' —  Theodore 
Roosevelt. 


10 

4.  Development  of  the  frontier. 

boundary  lines, 
conditions  of  life, 
internal  organization, 
external  control, 

the  chartered  company, 

the  crown. 

Federal  Congress. 

5.  Development  of  the  frontier  into  the  colony. 

"  Our  early  history  is  the  study  of  European  germs 
developing  in  an  American  environment." 

"  The  most  important  effect  of  the  frontier  has  been 
in  the  promotion  of  democracy  here  and  in  Europe." — 
-F,  y.  Turner. 

6.  Development  of  the  colony  into  the  state, 
a.    External  government. 

"A  practical  rCvSult  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence was  that  from  that  day  each  colony  as- 
sumed the  name  of  State ;  and  the  union  changed  its 
name  of  '  The  United  Colonies  '  to  the  proud  title  of 
'The  United  States  of  America.'  Were  the  new 
states  essentially  different  from  the  colonies?  This 
is  one  of  the  insoluble  questions  connected  with  the 
formation  of  the  Union.  Calhoun  later  declared  that 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  changed  the  colon- 
ies from  provinces,  subject  to  Great  Britain,  to  states, 
subject  to  nobody.  Lincoln  in  his  message  of  July  4, 
1861,  said  that  'The  Union  gave  each  of  them  what- 
ever of  independence  and  liberty  it  has.  The  Union 
is  older  than  any  of  the  states,  and  in  fact  it  created 
them  as  States'."— ^M<?r/  Bushnell  Hart. 

b.    Internal  government, 

"  He  that  would  have  a  true  and  accurate  insight 
into  the  institutions  and  political  development  of  the 
United  States  since  the  inauguration  of  President 
Washington  must  first  gain  a  thorough  compre- 
hension of  the  institutions  of  colonial  days.  This 
knowledge  can  be  best  acquired  by  an  actual  perusal 
of  the  legislation  and  records  of  the  colonial  epoch." 
— Channing  and  Hart. 


11 

7.  Union  of  the  Colonies. 

Tendencies  against  union, 
tendencies  toward  union, 
attempts  at  union. 

New  England  Confederation, 

Penn's  Plan  of  Union, 

Albany  Plan  of  Union, 

Stamp  Act  Congress, 

Continental  Congress, 

Articles  of  Confederation. 

8.  Separation  from  England. 

O.    Establishment  of  the  constitution. 

Origin, 
colonial, 
charters, 
unions, 
English  experiences. 
Written  expression, 
Philadelphia, 
May— September,  1787. 
Ratification. 

10.    Political  parties. 

Origin, 
interpretation  of  the  constitution,  involving  questions 
in  regard  to 

powers  of  the  federal  government, 
relation  of  the  powers  of  the  federal  government 
and  of  the  states. 
Descriptive  names, 

loose,  or  broad  constructionist, 
strict  constructionist. 


12 

11.  Steps  iu  the  development  of  national  history 

since  1789. 

Two  lines  of  development  run  parallel  from  1789  to  the 
present  times  ; — one  concerns  the  development  of  the  re- 
lations between  America  and  foreign  nations ;  the  second 
concerns  the  development  of  questions  of  internal  policy. 

a.  First  period,  1789—1815. 

Partisanship  in  foreign  affairs. 

Testing  the  constitution  in  domestic  affairs. 

b.  Second  period,  1815—1829. 

Monroe  doctrine. 
Political  letharg3\ 

c.  Third  period,  1829—1850. 

Acquisition  of  territory. 

Theoretical    relations    of  the  federal  government 
and  of  the  states. 

d.  Fourth  period,  1850—1865. 

Immigration  from  foreign  countries. 
Practical  relations  of  the  federal  government  and 
of  the  states. 

e.  Fifth  period,  1865—1898. 

International  arbitration. 

Development  of  powders  of  federal  government. 

f.  Sixth  period,  1898— 

Foreign  expansion. 
Colonial  dependencies. 

12.  Problem  of  the  present. 

13.  Who  is  an  American  ? 

14.  What  is  patriotism? 


13 


VI.    Definitions. 


Distinguish  between 

explorer,  discoverer,  freebooter,  frontiersman, 
backwoodsman,  pioneer,  settler,  colonist,  im- 
migrant. 

acquisition  of  territory,  expansion,  imperialism, 
benevolent  assimilation. 

Pilgrim  and  Puritan  ;  Presbyterian  and  Congrega- 
tionalist;  Roundhead  and  Cavilier  ;  Anglican 
and  Romanist. 

radical  and  conservative;  democrat  and  republican; 

delegated  powers  and  implied  powers. 

federation  and  confederation. 

Jefferson  democrat  and  Jackson  democrat;  Cleve- 
land democrat  and  Bryan  democrat. 

scholar  and  investigator  ;  authority  and  research. 


14 

VII.    Suggestions  for  preparation  of  work. 

"To  read  the  pages  of  historians,  to  remember  the 
sequence  of  events  and  their  dates  ;  this  is  something- 
indeed,  but  it  is  only  the  first  step  in  the  study  of  his- 
tory-.  The  second  step  is  to  go  back  to  original  docu- 
ments, to  read  the  statements  of  writers  who  were  con- 
temporary with  the  events  they  record  ;  to  pore  over  in- 
scriptions, treaties,  letters,  charters;  to  place  side  by  side 
the  statements  of  authorities  who  have  accepted  divergent 
stories  as  to  certain  occurrences,  and  from  the  comparison 
to  attempt  to  elicit  truth.  The  third  step  is  to  fuse  the 
collected  material  in  the  fire  of  the  imagination,  and  to 
remould  it  into  a  new  whole." — Percy  Gardner,  New 
Chapters  in  Greek  History^  p.  23. 

1.  Introductory. 

a.  Read  a  brief  account  of  the  general  field  in  which 
the  topic  lies. 

b.  Supplement  this  by  a  more  extended  reading  of  the 
same  subject  in  an  authoritative  special  history. 

2.  Questions. 

a.  Make  a  list  of  questions  including  all  the  points 
3'ou  wish  to  know  about  the  topic.  These  questions  serve 
as  a  working  analysis  of  the  topic. 

b.  Your  reading  gives  the  answers  to  these  questions 
and  therefore  the  material  for  the  topic. 


15 

3.     Bibliography. 

Study  carefully  the  Ijibliographies  at  the  beginning  of 
each  chapter  in  Thwaites. 

Underscore  with  red  or  black  ink  every  work  mentioned 
in  these  bibliographes,  either  that  you  have  yourself  or 
that  is  in  the  college  library.  Co-operation  with  friends 
will  make  this  a  simple  thing  to  do. 

Study  the  corresponding  bibliographies  in  Channing 
and  Hart,  and  in  Larned. 

Go  to  the  library  shelves  and  make  out  a  very  short 
rough  bibliography  of  the  topic. 

Enter  every  work  on  a  separate  slip.  For  making  the 
entries,  follow  as  a  guide  the  library  catalogue  cards  or 
cards  in  the  tin  trays. 

Blue  paper  or  cards  may  be  used  for  works  containing 
bibliographies. 

As  3-our  topic  grows,  add  to  your  bibliography,  but  in- 
clude in  it  only  such  works  as  you  have  actually  used 
and  consider  valuable.  Annotate  your  bibliography  as 
soon  as  3-ou  feel  sure  of  your  judgment  in  regard  to  a 
work. 

Keep  a  separate  list  of  all  works  not  in  the  college 
library  that  presumably  are  of  importance  in  the  study 
of  the  topic ;  include  these  v^nth  your  bibliography,  but 
indicate  in  some  way  that  they  are  for  future  use. 

Remember  that  a  bibliography  is  valuable  quite  as 
much  for  what  it  omits  as  for  what  it  contains. 


16 

4.    The  Topic— Material. 

' '  The  study  of  history  implies  a  concentration  upon  a 
field  small  enough  to  permit  the  use  of  various  parallel 
authorities."— C//«;/;«*«^  and  Hart. 

a.  Put  in  your  notes  the  substance  of  what  you  have 
read. 

b.  Do  not  take  notes  from  text-books. 

c.  Kxcept  in  the  rarest  instances,  do  not  copy  verbatim 
from  any  author, — to  do  so  makes  one  simply  a  copying 
machine. 

d.  Give  the  authority  at  the  bottom  of  the  page.  As 
you  have  already  given  in  the  bibliography  the  name  of 
the  author  and  the  full  title  of  the  work,  refer  to  it  in  the 
briefest  possible  way,  e.  g.,  "Channing  and  Hart,  Guide'' 
for  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide  to  American  History. 

e.  Do  not  abbreviate  the  names  of  authors. 

f.  If  you  quote  an  authority,  quote  it  exacth'  and  use 
quotation  marks. 

g.  Prepare  a  summary  that  states  clearly  what  the 
topic  has  meant  to  3'ou.  The  summary  should  bring  to  a 
focus  all  the  reading  that  has  been  done  on  the  topic. 

h.  The  topic  when  finished  is  in  effect  a  miniature 
chapter  of  a  book. 


17 

6.  The  Topic— ForiiK 

a.  Notes  should  be  taken  on  single  slips,  and  written 
on  one  side  only. 

b.  Special  attention  should  be  paid  to  exactness  in 
citations,  reference  to  authorities,  and  use  of  quotation 
marks  when  needed. 

c.  Envelopes  may  be  used  for  the  notes,  or  they  may 
be  handed  in  with  a  stiff  cardboard  back. 

d.  The  order  in  which  the  notes  should  be  handed  in  is 

a.  Title  page. 

b.  Bibliography. 

c.  Table  of  contents. 

d.  Body  of  topic. 

e.  Summary. 

C    Conferences. 

Conference  appointments  should  be  kept  punctualU'. 

7.  The  Directions. 

Remember  that  the  directions  are  intended  to  be  sug- 
gestive rather  than  mandatory.  Work  out  the  topics  in 
your  own  individual  way,  and  remember,  finally,  that 
the  instructor  does  not  ' '  want ' '  anything. 


18 

VI II.  Historical  Exciirsious. 

Places. 

New  Paltz,  Kingston,  Ne\vburgli,  New  York. 
Guides. 

Consult,  for  New  York  City  and  the  vicinity,  the  leaflets 
issued  by  the  City  History  Club. 

IX.  Historical  Museums. 

Poughkeepsie 

Governor  Clinton  House. 
New  Paltz 

Jean  Hasbrouck  House. 
New  York 

Collections  in 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Fine  Arts. 

Cooper  Institute. 

X.  Wliy  does  history  need  to  be  rewritten  ? 

The  history  of 
America, 
the  Colonies. 

the  relation  of  the  Colonies  and  England, 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution, 
the  Civil  War. 
the  reconstruction  period. 


XI.  Relation  of 
History  A,  AA  to 
other  Courses  in 
History. 


eo 

0) 

(A 

(U 

U 

b 

P 

9 

0 

U 

0 



tJ 

V 

>» 

v. 

'm 

s 

0 

c 

4-» 

4) 

«9 

o: 

•  K^ 

X 

Irt 

z 

c 
a 

— 

c»^ 

o 

LU 

__ 

c^ 

"5 

u 

c 
O 


CO 
V 

^> 

U 

c 

o 


—       >N 

-3 

<a^ 

.y  a 

U     B) 

2    M 

.2  o 

T  '" 

P^ 


£.2 

-n    '^    . 

X 

1- 

c^ 


u    u 

-£  o 


o 
o 


o 


D-  2 


LJL 


S 
< 


u. 


CO 


c«^ 


fO 


po 


LU 

*m> 

IJI 

c 

d) 

o 

c 

< 

LLI 

M 

> 
u 

0) 

c 
> 


4-' 

o 


4) 
O 

C/1 


o 


c 
o 


t^ 


>s 

Q 

O 

Q 

a 

C 

(U 

c 
o 

J 

Q 

.2  o 

OQ    N 
C 

_o 

o 

O 


o 

c 

11. 


o 


O 


CO 


00 

00 

c 

LU 

CO 

CO 


c 
E 


c 

u  -^ 

e 
< 


< 
< 


CO 


CO 


o 

c 


c 
a: 


3 
C 

o 


c 
ft) 

6) 

c 


CO 


CO 


CO 


a. 
o. 


rO 


fO 


4-t 

11 

.2  c 

c  <- 

3    ^ 

^J 

o 

O 

^ 

■C   W 

o  a 

"  2 

j:  3 

ULU 

cu 

CM 


CO 


CO 


^ 
^ 


:^ 


CO 


l-U.-C-^•j       U\i  p  ^' 


Suggestions  for  the  Year's  Study 


HISTORY  R.  s. 


VASSAR  college 


PART  I 


"  Take  these  hints  as  suggestions,  not  as  instructions,  and  improve  on  them  as 
you  grow  in  experience." 

"Historical  genius  consists  in  an  unlimited  capacity  for  taking  pains." 


Copyright    1905 

bv 

Ivucy  M.  Salmon. 


HeN??Y  1^. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  YEAR'S  STUDY 

HISTORY  R.   S. 

PART  I. 

VASSAR  COLLEGE 


I.    What  the  student   brings   to    the  advanced  elective 
courses  in  history. 

1.    From  one  year's  college  work  in  history. 

From  the  subject  studied: 

a  bird's-eye  view  of  Western  Europe. 

an  appreciation  of  historical  developments, 

an  understanding  of  the  unity  and  continuity  of  history, 

historical  prospective, 

a  background  for  work  in  other  subjects. 

From  the  study  of  the  subject: 

ability  to  use  books, 

to  analyze  material, 

to  vivif}'  history, 

to  understand  the  difference  between  reading  history 
and  studying  history, 

to  appreciate  the  difference  between  liistor}-  and  histor- 
ical record, 

to    understand    what    the    historian    does    in     writing 
history, 

to  connect  the  present  ^^4th  the  past  and  the  past  with 
the  present. 

"  The  roots  of  the  present  lie  deep  in  the  past, 
and  nothing  in  the  past  is  dead  to  the  man  who 
would  learn  how  the  present  comes  to  be  what  it 
is." — Stubbs. 


2.    From  the  elective  courses  in  American  liistory. 

From  the  subject  studied: 

a  longitudinal  view  of  the  development  of  America, 

a  knowledge  of  the  interdependence  of  the  history  of  America 

and  of  Europe, 
an  understanding  of  the  questions  of  the  day, 
an  appreciation  of  the  causes  that  have  led  to  the  develop- 
ment of  American  literature. 

From  the  study  of  the  subject: 

ability  to  prepare  short  topics  representing  a  single  idea,  as 
one  in  bibliography,  biography,  geography,  law 
making,  treaty  making,  or  other  topics  that  are  in- 
cluded in  a  work  of  liistory, 

to  learn  the  processes  of  historical  investigation, 

to  discriminate  in  the  use  of  books, 

to  be  independent  in  work, 

to  gain  in  accuracy. 

' '  I  have  watched  the  work  of  graduates  of  col- 
leges from  Canada  to  the  Gulf,  frpm  New  York  to 
the  Golden  Gate,  and  the  failing  nearly  all  had  to 
combat  was  a  lack  of  accuracy." 


II.    What  the  student  should  g-ain  from  Course  K. 
From  the  subject  studied: 

an  understanding  of  one  line  of  constitutional  development 
and  through  it,  general  constitutional  development, 

a  cross-cut  section  of  a  single  movement  as  affecting  and  as 
affected  by  the  history  of  other  developments, 

an  understanding  of  the  workings  of  the  legislative,  executive 
and  judicial  departments  of  the  federal  government, 

an  understanding  of  the  inter-relation  of  the  federal,  state, 
and  municipal  governments, 

an  acquaintance  with  the  political  theories  and  practices  of 
eminent  statesmen, 

an  appreciation  of  the  importance  of  reform  in  the  civil  ser- 
vice, 

a  knowledge  of  what  constitutes  good  citizenship, 

a  comprehension  of  the  relation  of  special  courses  to  the 
general  course. 

From  the  study  of  the  subject: 

ability  to  prepare  one  long  topic  which  shall  utilize  the  skill 
acquired  in  preparing  numerous  short  topics, 
to  do  thoroughly  one  piece  of  work, 
to  become  familiar    with    certain    classes    of   technical 

literature  not  previously  used, 
to  gain  equipment  for  doing  original  work  in  history. 

"  To  find  things  out  for  oneself  is  the  very  essen- 
tial of  education." — Percy  Gardner. 


III.    Material  with  Avhich  the  student  works. 

1.  Bibliographies, 

Annotated,  classified,  complete,  selected. 

2.  Histories, 

General,  special. 

3.  Personal  records, 

Autobiographies,  biographies,  correspondence,  diaries, 
journals,  letters,  memoirs,  recollections,  reports, 
speeches,  works. 

4.  Technical  works. 

5.  Pamphlets  and  contemporar}-  discussions. 

6.  Periodicals  and  newspapers. 

7.  Publications  of  societies, 

national,  state,  municipal. 

8.  Documents, — 

character, 

legislative,  executive,  judicial, 
scope, 

federal,  state,  municipal. 


lY.    Delinitioiis. 

Distinguish  between 

Bill,  resolution,  joint  resolution,  concurrent  resolution,  act, 
slip  law,  session  laws,  statutes  at  large,  revised  statutes. 

Senate  journal,  senate  executive  documents,  senate  miscella- 
neous documents,  senate  reports. 

House  journal,  house  executive  documents,  house  miscella- 
neous documents,  house  reports. 

Annals  of  Congress,  Register  of  Debates,  Congressional 
Globe,  Congressional  Record. 

Concordat,  convention,  dispatch,  instructions,  memorandum, 
note,  protocol,  rescript,  treaty. 

Ambassador,  attache,  consul,  consul  general,  consular  agent, 
legate,  minister,   nuncio. 

Bill,  decree,  message,  proclamation,  ukase,  irade. 

Civil  code,  criminal  code.  Reports  of  Decisions  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  Official  opinions  of  the  Attor- 
nevs-General  of  the  United  States. 


V.    The  topic. 

1 .  Introductory. 

Read  a  general  sketch  of  the   field  in   which   the  topic  lies, 

\Yritten  by  a  trained  scholar. 
Supplement  this  by  a  brief  sketch  of  the  topic  itself. 
Ascertain  what  materials  exist  for  the   study  of  the   subject 

and  begin  the  preparation  of  a  rough  bibliography. 

2.  Questions. 

During  the  preliminary  reading,  prepare  a  list  of  questions 
including  everything  you  wish  to  know  in  regard  to  the 
topic ;  add  to  these  from  day  to  day.  These  questions  will 
serve  as  a  working  analysis  of  the  subject. 

Read  with  reference  to  answering  these  questions. 

In  reading,  follow,  in  general,  the  order  indicated  under  III. 

3.  Bibliography. 

Begin  at  once  to  prepare  a  rough  bibliograph}'. 

Include  in  it  such  works  as  you  have  actually  used  and  found 
of  help. 

Annotate  the  bibliography  as  soon  as  you  feel  sure  of  your 
judgment  of  a  work. 

Keep  a  separate  list  of  all  works  not  in  the  college  library 
that  presumabl}^  are  of  importance  in  the  study  of  the 
topic  ;  include  these  with  your  bibliography,  but  indicate  in 
some  way  that  they  are  for  future  use. 

Many  valuable  works,  not  in  the  college  library,  are  found 
in  the  Poughkeepsie  city  library.  This  is  one  of  the  depos- 
itories for  Government  documents  and  hence  its  collection 
is  much  more  extensive  than  that  of  the  college.  The 
librarian,  Mr.  J.  C.  Sickley,  is  always  ready  to  give  assist- 
ance land  the  college  students  are  always  urged  to  make 
the  fullest  and  freest  use  of  the  facilities  of  the  city  library. 

It  is  often  possible  to  secure  books  from  the  State  library, 
from  the  Library'  of  Congress,  and  from  the  library  of 
Columbia  University.  When  such  books  are  desired,  Miss 
Underbill  will  render  assistance. 

Much  material  can  be  secured  gratuitously  on  application  to 
the  proper  authorities. 


4.  Objective  point. 

Find  at  the  earliest  moment   possible   the  objective   point  of 

your  topic. 
Keep  this  objective  point  constantly  in  mind  and  make  it  the 

focus  of  all  your  study  of  the  topic. 

5.  The  topic. 

Select  a  narrow  field  within  the  general  subject  assigned   and 

exhaust  the  resources  of  the  library  on  it. 
Keep  the  topic  well  in  hand  from  day  to  day  ;    it  can   not   be 

left  to  the  last  moment  and  completed  to  the  satisfaction  of 

anyone. 
Read  a  newspaper  every  day ;    every  topic  studied  embodies 

a  question   of    present  importance  and  current  discussion 

will  always  throw  light  on  it. 

6.  The  summary. 

Prepare    a    careful    summary    that    states    very    clearly    your 

position  in  regard  to  the  objective  point. 
"  Individual  opinions  should  be  subservient  to  demonstrable 

points  of  view. ' ' 

7.  Foot-notes. 

Authorit}'  should  be  given  in  a  foot-note  of  every   important 

statement  of  fact  and  every  opinion  quoted. 
Explanatory  or  illustrative  material  may  often  be  thrown  into 

the  foot-notes. 
Use  extreme  care  in  referring  to  all  authorities  quoted. 

8.  Conferences. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  week  after  the  topic  has  been  assigned, 
hand  in 

the  questions  prepared, 

a  tentative  statement  of  what  is  the  objectivepoint  of  the 

topic, 
a  rough,  working  bibliography. 
Keep    your    conference    appointments    punctually    and    have 
something  definite  to  bring  with  you  ;    it  is  difficult  to  give 
help  when  only  formless  notes  are  presented. 
When  in  doubt,  ask  for  assistance. 

9.  The  Suggestions. 

Remember  that  these  hints  are  intended  to  be  suggestive, 
not  mandatory.  The  sooner  you  are  able  to  discard  them 
and  substitute  for  them  a  method  of  your  own,  the  better 
it  will  be. 


10 

VI.  Object 

of  the  historian 

in  collecting  material!, 

in  presenting  material, 
of  the  reader  of  history. 
of  the  college  student 

in  required  courses, 

in  general  elective  courses, 

in  advanced  electives. 
of  the  graduate  student. 

VII.  Methods  of  historical  study. 

Freeman,   Edward  A.     ISIethods  of  Historical  Study.      Lon- 
don,  1886. 
Ivanglois,  Charles  V.   and  Seignobos,    Charles.     Introduction 

to  the  Study  of  History.     Translated  by  G.   G.  Berry,   lyon- 

don,  1898. 
,  Introduction  aux  Etudes  historiques, 

Paris,  1898. 
Eernheim,     Ernst.       Lehrbuch    der    Historischen    Methode. 

Fourth  Edition,  Leipsic,  1903. 
Altamira,  Rafael.     La  Ensehanza  de  la  Historia,     Madrid, 

1895. 
Letelier,   Valentin.     La  Evolution  de  la  Historia.^  Santiago 

de  Chile,  1900. 


VIII.      Relation  of 

History    K.    S.  to 

other    Courses  in 
History. 


(A 

^ 

u 

0) 

CO 

9 

3 

0 

u 
U 

— 

4) 

>* 

u 

V4 

3 

0 

C 

.M 

4) 

M 

fi^ 

•  pM 

X 

T 

c 
«J 

a 

— 

CO 

o 

UJ 

_ 

ro 

"5 

c 
O 


M 
> 

u 

a; 

h 

c 

4) 
O 


5rical 
raphy 

-3 

Histc 
Geog 

CO 


E.5 

Z 

1- 

c*^ 


o 

c 

o 

«j  a 

•S  o 

o..^ 

Z 

o 

CO 


__ 

rt 

u 

U- 

i=    4) 

c2a 

LL 

-  ttf 

<tf  w 

O    " 

>-1j 

S 

LL 

< 

CO 


> 
CO  y 


U 


LU 

4^ 

LLI 

c 

w 

o 

c 

< 

LU 

c 

CO  rt 


CO 


>s 

a 

O 

Q 

a 

t 

W 

4— » 

C 

o 

Q 

O 

"5 
o 

'u 
O 


ft) 


C/1 


> 


c 
o 


72  !2 


-C  c 
.—  o 

"C  t5 

OQ    N 

c 
_o 

o 

o 


O 

M 

o 

u 

c 

0) 

L. 

U_ 

o 

1/1 

00 
CQ 

do 

c 
UJ 

CO 

< 

c 

< 

O 

u 

lU 

s 

< 

< 

CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


c 

O 

E 


c 

ei 

V) 

c 


00 


CO 


a. 


a. 


rO 


CO 


o 

CO 


o 

z 

•c  « 

o  Q. 

t^  2 

IE    3 

VUJ 

i-m 

a. 

CN 


CO 


CO 


3 

C 

^ 

o 

::>^ 

j:: 

♦-» 

c 

t> 

^ 

c 

i5 

CO 


CO 


l<*' 


w^* 


V.--.    1^ 


Outlines  <9/^Sociology 


By 

ULYSSES  G..WEATHERLY 

* 

Professor  of  Economics  and  Social  Science 
UNIVERSITY  OF  INDIANA 


INDIANAPOLIS 

THE  HOLLENBECK  PRESS 

1906 


Outlines  ^Sociology 


ULYSSES  G.  WEATHERLY 

Professor  of  Economics  and  Social  Science 
UNIVERSITY   OF   INDIANA 


INDIANAPOLIS 

THE  HOLLENBECK  PRESS 

1906 


hi. 


An  inherited  drill makes  modern 

nations  what  they  are  ;  their  born  structure 
bears  the  trace  of  the  laws  of  their  fathers. 

Bagehot,  Physics  and  Politics. 


NOTE 

The  study  of  Sociology  has  been  liampered  by  lack  of 
consistent  agreement  as  to  the  exact  scope  and  content 
of  the  science.  Is  it  concerned  primarily  with  social 
process  or  with  social  structure?  Of  the  two  men  whose 
names  stand  first  among  the  pioneers  of  the  science, 
Comte  emphasized  the  philosophical  element,  Spencer  the 
historical  and  descriptive.  The  predominant  trend  among 
recent  French  and  American  scholars  has  been  in  the 
direction  of  social  philosophy  rather  than  of  social  his- 
tory. Nevertheless,  of  all  the  work  in  the  field  of  socio- 
logical scholarship  that  of  Spencer  remains  the  most 
fruitful,  despite  wide  dissent  from  many  of  his  conclu- 
sions. The  reason  for  this  lies,  doubtless,  in  the  fact  that, 
while  his  investigation  is  confined  to  the  too-narrow  field 
of  the  lower  levels  of  culture,  it  at  least  attempts  to  deal 
with  concrete  facts,  and  is  susceptible  of  definite  tests. 
From  the  psychlogical  group,  on  the  other  hand,  bril- 
liant as  their  individual  efforts  have  been,  it  must  be 
confessed  that  the  results  thus  far  have  been  disappoint- 
ing. The  charge  that  the  current  Sociology  is  a  com- 
pound of  a  bankrupt  philosophy  of  history  and  a  spurious 
psychology  has  had  enough  of  the  shadow  of  truth  in  it 
to  bring  to  the  nascent  science  some  little  discredit. 
Part  of  this  odium,  I  venture  to  think,  has  been  caused 
by  the  adoption  of  a  harsh,  complicated  terminology,  but 
more,  probably,  by  an  unnecessarily  remote  and  abstract 
mode  of  dealing  with  social  forces.  Particularly  have 
these  difficulties  manifested  themselves  in  the  considera- 
tion of  the  pedagogical  side  of  the  subject.  Political 
Economy  passed  through  the  same  troubled  period,  and 
is  now  emerging  from  it  by  the  process  of  blending  the 
inductive  and  deductive  methods.  No  one  is  adequately 
equipped  for  the  study  of  Sociology,  certainly  not  for 
the  teaching  of  it,  who  has  not  some  definite  knowledge 


4 

of  Anthropology  and  Culture-History,  as  well  as  some 
correct  training  in  Psychology. 

The  present  outline  attempts  to  group  a  few  of  the 
fundamental  social  facts  and  to  suggest  some  interpreta- 
tion of  them.  Such  interpretation,  it  is  believed,  will  be 
more  fruitful  if  kept  in  close  contact  with  the  facts  them- 
selves than  if  given  independently.  Close  association 
with  facts  lessens  the  taste  for  wide  generalizations, 
while  it  breeds  wholesome  distrust  of  a  philosophy  which 
promises  too  much.  The  ambition  to  create  a  uni- 
versal philosophy  of  things  human,  from  breakfast  foods 
to  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  is  no  doubt  a  laudable  one, 
but  it  demands  an  equipment  of  knowledge  which  is  in 
the  nature  of  things  impossible.  The  more  modest  task 
of  seeking  to  understand  a  limited  group  of  facts  that  are 
distinctively  social  in  character  is  not  so  alluring,  but  it 
offers  less  danger  of  final  disappointment. 

Bloomington,  Indiana,  April,  1906.  U.  G.  W. 


CONTENTS 

Part  I.   Nature  and  Purpose  of  Sociology. 

I.    Sociology  and  the  Cognate  Sciences. 
II.    Development    of    Sociology    as    an    Independent 

Science. 
III.    Sociological  Method. 

Part  II.    Units  of  Society. 


I. 

The  Family. 

(a)   Marriage  and  Kinship. 

(b)   Infancy. 

(c)   The  Household. 

II. 

The  State. 

III. 

The  Church. 

IV. 

The  School. 

V. 

The  Town. 

VI. 

International  Contacts. 

/II. 

Other  Derivative  Groups. 

Part  III.    Basis  of  Society. 

I.  Physical  Environment. 

II.  Population  and  the  Social  Environment. 

III.  Embryonic  Societies. 

IV.  The  Organic  Concept  of  Society. 
V.  The  Contract  Theory  of  Society. 

VI.  Sovereignty. 

VII.  Society  and  Numbers. 


VIIL  Race. 

IX.  Nationality  and  Patriotism. 

X.  Language  and  Literature. 

XL  Esthetics  and  Recreation. 

XII.  Property. 

Part  IV.    Social  Forces  and  the  Process  of  Socialization. 

I.  Social  Evolution. 

II.  The  Exceptional  Man  and  Individual  Initiative. 

III.  Custom. 

IV.  Imitation. 

V.  Conflict  and  Compromise. 

VI.  Selection. 

VII.  Mutual  Aid. 

VIIL  Heredity. 

IX.  Public  Opinion. 

Part  V.    Social  Pathology. 

I.  Type  and  Variation. 

II.  Degeneration. 

III.  Parasitism. 

IV.  The  Passive  Abnormals. 

V.  The  Self-Assertive  Abnormals. 

VI.  The  Unadapted :    Exaggerated  Individualism. 

VII.  The  Mob:  Morbid  Sociality. 


PART  I 

NATURE  AND  PURPOSE  OF  SOCIOLOGY 

I.    Sociology  and  the  Cognate  Sciences. 

Definitions :  Society,  the  regulated  contact  of  men  in 
groups ;  mere  physical  juxtaposition  contrasted  with  as- 
sociation. 

Sociology  concerned  with  the  phenomena  connected 
with  the  organization  and  discipline  of  men  in  groups. 

Etymology  of  the  terms  used. 

Sociology  uses  much  of  its  material  in  common  with 
the  sciences  of  Biology,  Anthropology,  Psychology,  His- 
tory, Economics,  Politics  and  Ethics:  special  relation  to 
Psychology  and  History. 

The  distinctive  point  of  view  of  Sociology:  the  social 
sciences  and  the  science  of  society. 

II.    Development  of  Sociology  as  an  Independent  Science. 

Its  right  to  be  classed  as  a  science:  the  various  tests 
proposed;  the  physical  and  mathematical  sciences  con- 
trasted with  the  several  social  sciences. 

Not  a  new  field  of  study :  it  has  existed  wherever  man 
has  thought  systematically  on  the  facts  of  association; 
Plato,  Aristotle,  political  philosophy,  the  Utopians,  Rous- 
seau, industrial  reform  movements  of  the  early  nineteenth 
century. 

Comte  and  his  classification  of  the  sciences :  the  naming 
of  Sociology. 


8 

Herbert  Spencer :  his  method ;  his  contributions. 
Le  Play  and  his  followers. 
Schaeffle,  Ratzenhofer,  Gumplowicz. 
The  socialists. 

Recent  contributions  and  tendencies :  De  Greef,  Mac- 
kenzie, Tarde,  Ward,  Giddings. 

,  III.    Sociological  Method. 

The  question  of  emphasis :  social  structure  or  social 
process. 

Induction :  historical  and  descriptive  Sociology ;  classi- 
fication of  facts ;  sources. 

The  deductive  method :  extent  of  actual  achievement ; 
the  value  of  hypotheses. 

Sociology  both  a  science  and  an  art :  "pure"  and  "ap- 
plied" Sociology ;  the  quest  of  facts  and  the  quest  of  laws. 

The  static  and  the  dynamic  method :  social  progress. 

Special  sociologies. 

Wide  range  of  subject-matter :  need  of  strict  delimita- 
tion. 

Practical  utility  of  Sociology,  and  utility  as  a  discip- 
line. 


PART  II 

UNITS  OF  SOCIETY 

I.    The  Family. 

The  family  is  the  primary  social  unit:  it  is,  in  some 
form,  the  earliest  developed  group,  and  it  is  the  com- 
mon ground  of  Biology  and  Sociology. 

(a)  Marriage  and  Kinship. 

Improbability  of  an  original  promiscuous  horde. 

Group  marriage :  the  endogamous  group ;  exog- 
amy and  the  matriarchal  system ;  systems  of  re- 
lationship ;  totemic  groups. 

Marriage  by  capture:  ceremonial  survivals. 

Marriage  by  purchase:  economic  value  of  wives; 
the  dowry. 

Polygamy:  polygyny,  polyandry;  causes  which 
produce  each. 

Development  of  paternal  descent :  the  polygamous 
patriarchal  family;  the  family  name. 

Growth  of  monogamy. 

The  marriage  ceremony:  marriage  as  sacrament 
and  as  contract;  why  the  civil  ceremony  is  re- 
quired in  some  modern  states;  mixed  practices 
in  the  United  States. 

Permanence  of  marriage:  divorce;  practices 
among  primitive  peoples ;  the  modern  idea  of 
divorce ;  attitude  of  the  church ;  divorce  reform. 


10 

The  social  position  of  woman :  undervaluation  of 

female  children. 
Legal  position  of  woman  as  to  civil  rights  and  as 

to  property. 

(b)  Infancy. 

Filial  love  common  to  man  and  most  animals. 

Prolongation  of  infancy  as  a  socializing  force : 
influence  on  permanence  of  marriage  and  on 
social  organization. 

iVuthority  of  parents :  the  Mosaic  code ;  the  Ro- 
man patria  potestas;  legal  age  of  majority. 

Communal  care  of  children :  Sparta ;  modern  pro- 
posals; poor  success  of  institutional  care  of 
infants ;  childhood  flourishes  best  under  strong- 
ly individual  treatment. 

Legal  position  of  children :  the  state  delegates  con- 
trol to  parents,  but  may  resume  it  in  case  of 
death  or  failure  of  parents ;  the  ultimate  author- 
ity of  the  state  may  always  be  invoked. 

The  birth-rate  and  the  death-rate  among  children : 
infanticide ;  control  of  population  as  a  social 
right ;  elimination  of  the  defective  and  superflu- 
ous. 

Ceremonies  connected  with  birth  and  naming: 
legal  registry  of  births. 

(c)  The  Household. 

Relation  of  house-life  to  the  form  of  the  family 

group. 
The  communal  household. 
The  patriarchal  group,  where  house-life  is  shared 

by  kindred  sub-groups. 
Dependents  and  slaves. 
Domestic  industry :  division  of  labor ;  the  work  of 

women. 


II 

Habits  as  to  food-getting  and  sleeping. 
Hospitality :    marriage    and    funeral    feasts ;    the 

guest   and   guest-friendship;   modern   ''dining" 

and  "social  functions." 
Domestic   architecture :    why    usually    inferior   to 

public  architecture. 
The  housing  problem  :  modern  urban  tenements ; 

apartment  houses,  and  family  hotels. 

II.    The  State. 

Certain  animal  groups  exhibit  organization  and  dis- 
cipline :  man  probably  emerged  with  some  definite  social 
instincts  and  aptitudes. 

Double  aspect  of  the  state's  function :  ( i )  social  con- 
trol, (2)  social  co-operation:  the  first  chiefly  character- 
izes the  earlier  periods,  the  second  the  periods  of  increased 
socialization. 

Origin  of  the  state  in  the  family  and  in  kinship :  kin- 
ship groups :  wide  extent  of  the  legend  of  descent  from  a 
single  great  ancestor;  survival  of  the  fiction  of  blood- 
kinship;  transfusion  of  blood  in  the  ceremony  of  adopting 
new  members ;  modern  naturalization. 

The  totemic  clan :  the  phratry ;  the  tribe ;  confederation 
of  tribes. 

The  chief  and  development  of  kingship;  war  as  an 
agent  in  developing  subordination  and  leadership ;  co-or- 
dinate chiefs  of  sub-groups  gradually  subjected  to  one 
who  possesses  masterful  ability  in  war. 

Classes:  the  elders;  orders  of  nobility,  founded  on  mil- 
itary powers,  later  on  birth ;  wealth  as  the  basis  of  a 
dominant  social  class. 

The  general  mass :  assembly  of  the  freemen ;  demo- 
cratic leadership. 

Legislation  :  mythical  law-givers  ;  tendency  to  personal- 


12 

ize  all  social  achievement ;  machinery  of  legislation  as  an 
expression  of  the  social  will. 

Justice:  right  of  the  strongest;  custom  and  conven- 
tion ;  codification ;  growth  of  the  idea  of  rights. 

Self-government :  central  authority  and  local  authority ; 
control  of  lesser  units  by  the  greater;  provincial  gov- 
ernors ;  machinery  for  exercising  authority  of  the  cen- 
tral government ;  state  constabulary ;  state  control  of  mu- 
nicipal police. 

III.    The  Church. 

Place  of  religion  in  social  growth  :  religion  as  the  cre- 
ator of  institutions. 

Ancestor-worship :  influence  on  social  progress ;  rever- 
ence for  the  dead ;  funeral  rites ;  the  tomb  as  a  shrine ; 
monuments. 

Family  religion  :  the  hearth ;  family  gods ;  religious  ele- 
ment in  marriage. 

Religion  and  national  life:  mysteries;  initiatory  cere- 
monies; temples  and  shrines  as  centers  of  social  life; 
holy  cities, — Jerusalem,  Mecca  {Lhasa)  ;  pilgrimages. 

The  priesthood :  place  in  economic  and  civil  polity ; 
gradual  growth  of  a  distinct  priestly  caste;  the  shaman 
or  medicine  man;  oracles;  influence  on  national  life;  the 
theocratic  state. 

The  state  church :  unity  of  creed ;  variety  of  creed ;  co- 
ercion and  toleration ;  separation  of  church  and  state. 

Voluntary  religious  groups :  the  principle  of  individual 
judgment  and  of  self-government ;  religious  orders. 

Morality :  question  as  to  origin  of  moral  ideas ;  rever- 
ence for  custom  sanctioned  by  antiquity ;  influence  of  war 
and  the  food  quest ;  taboo ;  absence  of  abstract  ethical  ele- 
ment in  primitive  religions ;  slow  growth  of  religious 
sanctions ;  ultimate  merging  of  the  religious  and  the 
ethical  elements. 


13 
IV.    The  School. 

Education  originally  an  individual  or  family  matter. 

Association  of  education  and  religion :  the  church  as 
a  pioneer  in  education ;  early  institutions  of  learning 
founded  by  religious  interests ;  modern  types,  parochial 
schools,  denominational  seminaries  and  colleges ;  institu- 
tions supported  by  special  groups  (  fraternal  orders,  etc. ) . 

Emergence  of  the  idea  of  the  general  social  value  of 
education. 

Public  schools :  the  state's  duty ;  voluntary  attendance. 
Public  schools:  the  state's  right;  compulsory  attendance; 
basis  of  the  state's  right  to  require  school  attendance; 
is  it  co-ordinate  with  the  right  to  require  military  service  ? 

Religious  education  by  the  state :  Germany  as  an  exam- 
ple of  such  education  where  unity  of  creed  does  not  exist. 

The  state's  claim  to  monopoly  of  the  educational  func- 
tion   (France)  :  historical  development  of  this  position. 

Public  control  of  professional  education  where  such 
education  is  the  gateway  to  a  profession  requiring  social 
control :  law,  pharmacy,  medicine,  theology. 

Moral  education :  religion  in  the  schools  of  a  hetero- 
geneous democracy. 

Social  aim  of  all  education. 

V.    The  Town. 

Transition  from  nomadic  to  stationary  mode  of  life: 
agencies  affecting  the  location  of  towns. 

The  horde  village :  the  kinship  village ;  the  village  com- 
munity ;  common  lands. 

The  city  state :  federation  of  towns. 

The  city  as  a  subdivision  of  a  larger  political  body : 
the  capital  city ;  predominantly  rural  and  predominantly 
urban  states. 


14 

The  growth  of  cities :  rural  depopulation ;  causes : 
urban  aggregation  in  the  United  States,  England  and 
Germany. 

Special  characteristics  of  urban  life :  more  contacts, 
higher  degree  of  socialization ;  consequent  necessity  of 
greater  social  control ;  volatility  of  the  urban  mind ; 
tendency  to  frenzies  and  revolutions;  national  control 
of  capital  cities  (e.  g.  Paris)  ;  political  significance. 

Municipalization  of  enterprise :  the  problem  of  munici- 
pal control  and  of  municipal  ownership. 

Why  there  is  a  special  municipal  sociology. 

The  theory  of  urban  selection. 

VI.    International  Contacts. 

Primitive  communities  often  isolated :  vague  ideas  of 
the  rest  of  the  world ;  often  they  regard  themselves  as 
the  real  population  of  the  world,  the  tribal  name  signify- 
ing simply  "men":  (Eskimo,  'Tnnuit")  ;  wide  extent  of 
the  belief  that  the  home  land  is  the  center  of  the  world : 
Delphi,  Mecca,  China. 

War,  primarily  working  as  a  separating  force,  in  the 
end  leads  to  agreements  and  treaties;  intertribal  agree- 
ments ;  truces ;  rules  of  warfare ;  messengers  and  heralds. 

Treaties :  peace  ceremonies ;  hostages ;  ambassadors 
and  consuls ;  arbitration. 

International  exchange :  the  merchant  class ;  barter  at 
the  frontiers ;  trading  caravans,  trade  routes ;  markets 
and  ports ;  fairs ;  navigation ;  trade  regulations. 

Travel :  primitive  attitude  of  hostility  to  strangers ; 
growth  of  comity. 

Scientific  and  cultural  association :  universal  character 
of  fundamental  psychic  facts ;  international  learned  and 
philanthropic  societies ;  growing  consciousness  of  the 
cosmopolitan  character  of  culture. 


15 

Fashions,  national  and  international :  standards  of 
dress  and  of  conduct  in  relation  to  a  world  type. 

Larger  class  interests :  the  class  as  a  bond  of  union 
rather  than  the  geographical  nation;  the  International 
Association  of  Workingmen  of  1864;  recent  attempts  to 
unite  the  proletariat  of  the  nations. 

International  arbitration :  the  germ  of  a  federated 
world-state. 

VII.    Other  Derivative  Groups. 

How  voluntary  groups  are  constituted : 

(a)  Groups  based  on  inherent  characters. 

(b)  Groups  based  on  intelligent  volition. 

The  caste :  origin ;  race,  color,  occupation ;  orders  of 
nobility;  superior  and  inferior  races;  social  "sets." 

Secret  societies :  earlier  religious  significance ;  the  fra- 
ternal orders. 

Political  groups :  machinery  for  manipulating  masses 
in  political  action ;  party  organization ;  the  boss. 

Clubs:  (a)  for  purely  social  purposes;  (b)  for  per- 
sonal recreation  and  culture;  (c)  for  the  promotion  of 
class  or  special  interests;  (d)  for  the  advancement  of 
knowledge  and  research. 

Economic  groups  :  business  organizations ;  associations 
for  protection  or  promotion  of  economic  interests ;  crafts, 
guilds,  trade  unions,  professional  societies. 

Single  local  groups  and  federated  groups :  forms  of 
organization  and  government;  growth  of  machinery  of 
management ;  centralizing  tendency. 

Esprit  de  corps:  means  of  promoting  solidarity;  use  of 
banners,  badges,  costumes. 


PART  III 

BASIS  OF  SOCIETY 

I.    The  Physical  Environment. 

Buckle's  classification  of  modifying  agencies :  climate, 
food,  soil,  general  aspect  of  nature. 

Reaction  of  physical  forces  on  mode  of  life :  on  migra- 
tion ;  on  trade  and  travel ;  on  density  of  population. 

The  food-quest :  lowest  stages  of  co-operation ;  increas- 
ing division  of  labor  and  its  consequences. 

Modification  of  social  forms  accompanying  change  to  a 
new  environment  and  to  new  modes  of  life :  the  hunting 
and  fishing,  the  pastoral  and  the  agricultural  stages. 

Psychic  reaction  of  environment  on  man :  the  animal 
world,  the  vegetable  world,  physiographic  features. 

Supremacy  of  nature  over  man  in  the  lowest  stages  of 
culture:  increasing  mastery  of  man  over  natural  forces 
with  advancing  civilization;  gradual  subjugation  of  na- 
ture through  endless  modification  and  adaptation. 

II.    Population  and  the  Social  Environment. 

How  specific  populations  are  formed :  genetic  aggrega- 
tion and  congregation. 

The  natural  increase  of  population :  the  natural  rate ; 

the  Malthusian  principle  and  its  applications;  defects  in 
Malthus'  theory;  the  Neo-Malthusian  movement. 

Character  of  societies  in  which  natural  selection  de- 
termines survival :  the  application  of  intelligent  guidance 
to  rate  of  increase. 

The  standard  of  life  as  affecting  birth-rate:  the  case 


17 

of  France;  birth-rate  as  modified  by  changing  economic 
conditions;  a  decHning  birth-rate  not  necessarily  alarm- 
ing ;  a  high  birth-rate  may  be  a  social  danger. 

Emigration  :  expulsive  forces ;  colonization ;  sporadic 
emigration ;  forced  emigration  ( religious  persecution, 
political  struggles). 

Immigration :  attractive  forces ;  varying  levels  of  eco- 
nomic welfare;  gains  from  immigration;  modification  of 
the  social  type;  intelligent  control  of  immigration;  basis 
of  the  right  to  exclude  specific  classes ;  social  assimilation 
the  ultimate  standard. 

III.    Embryonic  Societies. 

Social  tendencies  of  children  :  how  far  the  result  of  imi- 
tation, how  far  instinctive;  mimic  groups;  gangs;  what 
determines  mastery  and  leadership  among  boys ;  the  boy's 
ideals  of  a  desirable  social  state  (Indians,  cow-boys). 

Anti-social  tendencies  among  children:  the  child  not 
naturally  completely  socialized;  repugnance  to  control 
and  discipline;  truancy;  the  artificial  restraints  and  con- 
cessions only  gradually  acquired;  period  of  revolt  in  the 
boy's  life;  gradual  subsidence  of  excessive  individuality 
and  acquisition  of  sociality. 

The  socialization  of  new  groups :  the  frontier ;  first 
phase  of  struggle ;  dominance  of  the  strongest ;  informal 
agreements  as  to  conduct  and  property;  rude  justice, — the 
'Vigilance  committee;"  clear  recognition  of  the  identity 
of  individual  and  common  interest ;  gradual  transition  to 
organized  social  control.  (California  gold  camps  of 
1848,  and  other  similar  groups  before  the  coming  of  or- 
ganized political  machinery.) 

Supplemental  social  action  where  organized  machinery 
is  inadequate:  private  schools,  volunteer  care  of  streets 
and  roads,  private  fire  and  police  protection. 


i8 

IV.    The  Organic  Concept  of  Society. 

Exponents  of  the  theory :  Spencer,  Schseffle,  Ratzen- 
hofer. 

Hobbes :  "A  Commonwealth,  ...  in  which  the 
sovereignty  is  an  artificial  soul,  as  giving  life  and  motion 
to  the  whole  body;  the  magistrates  and  other  officers  of 
judicature,  artificial  joints;  reward  and  punishment,  by 
which  fastened  to  the  seat  of  the  sovereignty  every  joint 
and  member  is  moved  to  perform  his  duty,  are  the  nerves 
that  do  the  same  in  the  body  natural." 

Spencer's  analogy:  (i)  the  sustaining  system  (indus- 
trial organization)  ;  (2)  the  regulating  system  (rulers 
and  defenders);  (3)  the  distributing  system  (transpor- 
tation and  exchange). 

Differing  forms  of  unity :  complexity  and  correlation 
not  necessarily  organic. 

The  grouping  of  '^organs"  and  ''functions"  of  society. 

Analogies  between  animal  and  social  structures  and 
functions :  birth,  growth,  decline,  death. 

Value  of  the  analogical  method  of  thought  and  expres- 
sion :  real  utility  of  the  organic  concept ;  dangerous  when 
carried  so  far  that  analogy  is  confused  with  identity. 

V.    The  Contract  Theory  of  Society. 

Historical  development  of  the  theory : 

(i)   Hobbes  and  absolute  monarchy. 

(2)  Locke  and  limited  monarchy. 

(3)  Rousseau  and  extreme  democracy. 
Political    movements    connected    with    each    of    these 

forms  of  the  theory. 

Rousseau :  "To  find  a  form  of  association  which  shall 
defend  and  protect  with  the  public  force  the  person  and 
property  of  each  associate,  and  by  means  of  which  each, 
uniting  with  all,  shall  obey,  however,  only  himself,  and 


19 

remain  as  free  as  before."  .  .  .  ''Each  of  us  gives  in 
common  his  person  and  all  his  force  under  the  supreme 
direction  of  the  general  will ;  and  we  receive  each  member 
as  an  indivisible  part  of  the  whole." 

The  individual  will  and  the  social  will :  permanence  of 
the  social  organization;  in  what  sense  individuals  born 
into  a  society  give  formal  assent  to  any  contract ;  natural- 
ized persons  do  so  in  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

Hence  the  theory  is  stronger  as  a  possible  explanation 
of  the  origin  of  certain  societies  than  of  existing  societies. 

Business  contracts  and  agreements :  how  different  from 
social  obligations. 

Yet  there  are  many  elements  in  social  organization  that 
are  based  on  contract:  marriage,  official  service;  use  of 
the  oath,  bond,  pledge. 

VI.    Sovereignty. 

Basis  of  social  control  in  primitive  societies. 

Form  of  organization  in  relation  to  the  social  will : 
autocracy,  oligarchy,  democracy. 

Tendency  toward  personalization :  consequent  preva- 
lence of  monarchy;  religious  sanction  of  autocracy;  the 
divine  right  of  kings. 

Greek  ideal  of  the  paramount  interest  of  the  state  and 
effacement  of  the  individual  will. 

Sovereignty  in  a  democracy :  in  practice  the  modern 
state  is  a  compromise,  certain  rights  being  accorded  to  the 
individual ;  but  in  the  last  anaylsis  the  state  is  absolute, 
and  there  are  no  inalienable  rights  (compulsory  military 
service,  right  of  eminent  domain). 

The  question  as  to  a  divided  sovereignty:  Rousseau's 
rejection  of  the  idea :  ''For  the  same  reason  that  sover- 
eignty is  inalienable  it  is  indivisible;  for  the  will  is  general 
or  it  is  not ;  it  is  the  will  of  the  body  of  the  people,  or  of 
only  a  part  of  it.     In  the  first  case  this  declared  will  is  an 


20 

act  of  sovereignty  and  makes  law ;  in  the  second  it  is  only 
an  individual  will,  or  an  act  of  magistracy." 

Recent  German  opinion. 

Sovereignty  in  a  federal  state :  Germany,  Switzerland ; 
position  of  the  federal  and  state  governments  in  the 
United  States. 

Unanimity  of  opinion  not  involved  in  the  question. 

VII.    Society  and  Numbers. 

Low  degree  of  socialization  accompanying  a  sparse 
population :  simplicity  of  early  societies  and  of  thinly-peo- 
pled districts. 

Growing  complexity  with  increasing  numbers,  because 
of  more  numerous  points  of  contact :  development  of  cere- 
mony, custom  and  etiquette. 

Growth  of  social  control :  history  of  legislation  in  typi- 
cal states;  why  crowded  centers  require  special  regula- 
tions ;  urban  growth  has  necessitated  extension  of  public 
functions;  municipal  control  of  industries  as  a  result  of 
this. 

Psychic  reaction  of  massing  of  population :  less  intro- 
spection ;  greater  degree  of  cooperation ;  specialization  of 
taste  and  function ;  decline  of  individualism ;  development 
of  class  consciousness. 

VIII.    Race. 

Difficulty  of  defining  race:  does  it  correspond  to  "va- 
riety" in  Biology?  Physical  type  and  psychic  tempera- 
ment. 

Anthropo-sociology  (Lapouge,  Ammon)  :  race-type  as 
related  to : 

(a)  Distribution  of  wealth. 

(b)  Social  stratification. 

(c)  Domicile  and  migration. 


21 

Race  purity  practically  n(3n-existent :  fallibility  of  physi- 
cal tests  when  applied  to  individuals. 

Contact  of  so-called  superior  and  inferior  races :  de- 
cline of  "inferior  stocks" ;  causes  other  than  physical ;  the 
conflict  really  one  of  civilizations  rather  than  of  physical 
types. 

Fusion  of  races :  resulting  advantages  and  losses ; 
hybrid  peoples;  difficulty  when  the  types  are  too  diver- 
gent ;  race  assimilation. 

Race  consciousness  :  color  or  distinct  physical  type ;  lan- 
guage ;  history. 

IX.    Nationality  and  Patriotism. 

*'Our  nationality  is  what  time  has  made  of  us.  in  mak- 
ing us  live  together  through  the  centuries,  in  giving  us 
the  same  tastes,  in  leading  us  through  the  same  vicissi- 
tudes, in  giving  us  throughout  the  centuries  common  joys 
and  common  sorrows." — Thiers. 

"To  have  a  common  glory  in  the  past,  a  common  will 
in  the  present,  to  have  done  great  things  together,  to  de- 
sire to  do  still  more." — Renan. 

National  consciousness  the  result  of  sentiment  and  the 
product  of  experience :  similarity  to  sense  of  family  rela- 
tionship. 

Combination  of  geographical  and  historical  elements. 

Assimilation  of  new  members :  why  education  plays  so 
great  a  part ;  national  history ;  language ;  songs. 

National  types  :  conflict  of  types ;  tendency  of  dominant 
types  to  absorb  or  obliterate  the  weaker;  impossibility  of 
the  coexistence  of  hostile  types  within  the  same  unit. 

Nation  and  state :  mixed-race  states  possible,  mixed- 
nation  states  an  anomaly:  "Free  institutions  are  next  to 
impossible  in  a  country  made  up  of  different  national- 
ities."—J.  S.  Mill. 


22 

X.    Language  and  Literature. 

Language  an  instrument  of  communication :  sign  lan- 
guage ;  articulate  speech. 

Community  of  language  makes  social  cooperation 
easier  but  is  not  necessary  to  it :  examples  of  polyglot  so- 
cieties ;  socialization  requires  free  communication  but  not 
unity  of  speech  (Belgium,  Switzerland). 

Literature  the  expression  of  a  deeper  psychic  unity: 
national  literatures  in  relation  to  national  life  and  senti- 
ment ;  folk  literature,  national  songs,  romances,  proverbs : 
dialect  and  folk-speech. 

Literature  as  an  index  of  temperament :  literary  types ; 
literature  as  a  means  of  interpreting  social  self-conscious- 
ness ;  the  literary  man  as  a  national  hero. 

Cosmopolitan  literature :  weakening  of  national  patriot- 
ism through  a  knowledge  of  world-literature ;  literary 
culture  and  cosmopolitan  sympathy. 

XI.    Aesthetics  and  Recreation. 

Basis  of  individual  aesthetic  pleasure :  aesthetic  enjoy- 
ment, however,  largely  a  social  matter,  the  result  of  con- 
tact of  minds. 

Personal  adornment  with  relation  to  effect  on  others: 
decoration  for  special  occasions ;  decoration  for  war ;  cos- 
tume. 

Music,  pictures,  sculpture:  their  use  in  ceremonial; 
their  use  in  fostering  national  sentiment. 

Commemorative  art :  monuments,  tablets,  medals. 

Architecture:  public  buildings  and  grounds;  temples, 
churches;  emphasis  on  the  artistic  rather  than  the  utili- 
tarian element. 

Festivals:  periodical  gatherings;  banquets  (college 
alumni,  fraternal  orders,  industrial  groups). 


23 

Games  :  national  athletic  contests ;  championships ;  ath- 
letic contests  and  national  unity  (Olympian  games)  ; 
sports  peculiar  to  certain  peoples  (bull  fights,  cricket, 
base-ball). 

Athletics  in  educational  institutions:  unifying  influ- 
ence; the  development  of  "college  spirit." 

Mimetic  games  :  children's  games  ;  symbolic  games. 

The  drama :  the  religious  play  of  primitive  societies ; 
mysteries ;  folk  plays ;  educational  uses  of  the  drama ;  na- 
tional theaters. 

XII.    Property. 

Definition :  free  and  economic  goods. 

Extent  of  primitive  communism :  beginnings  of  appro- 
priation; classes  of  goods  appropriated;  the  recognition 
of  individual  ownership;  theft  and  its  treatment  among 
primitive  peoples ;  property  marks. 

The  land:  is  it  a  free  good?  systems  of  land  tenure; 
public  lands ;  eminent  domain ;  special  nature  of  the  land 
problem  in  urban  communities. 

Environment  as  affecting  property :  physical  environ- 
ment ;  social  environment ;  increase  of  values  v^ith  growth 
of  society;  claims  of  the  individual  and  of  society  to  the 
increment ;  the  rent  problem. 

Public  property :  public  buildings  and  equipment ;  shall 
social  ownership  be  confined  solely  to  goods  used  for  ad- 
ministrative purposes  ?  public  ownership  and  operation  of 
public  utilities ;  society's  share  in  all  enterprise. 

The  socialist  programme :  distinction  between  produc- 
tion and  consumption  goods;  individual  ownership  as  a 
stimulus  to  progress. 

Modern  experiments  in  communism :  causes  of  general 
failure. 

The  fundamental  issue  between  individualism  and  so- 
cialism. 


PART  IV 

SOCIAL  FORCES  AND  THE  PROCESS  OF 

SOCIALIZATION 

I.    Social  Evolution. 

"Evolution  is  a  change  from  an  indefinite,  incoherent 
homogeneity  to  a  definite,  coherent  heterogeneity,  accom- 
panying the  dissipation  of  motion  and  integration  of  mat- 
ter. .  .  .  Like  evolving  aggregates  in  general,  so- 
cieties show  integration,  both  by  simple  increase  in  mass 
and  by  coalescence  and  recoalescence  of  masses. 
With  progressing  integration  and  heterogeneity  goes  in- 
creasing coherence.  .  .  .  Simultaneously  comes  in- 
creasing definiteness." — Herbert  Spencer. 

''The  states  are  as  men  are;  they  grow  out  of  human 
character." — Plato. 

The  social  mind :  it  is  distinct  from  the  individual  mind 
and  is  more  than  the  sum  of  individual  minds. 

Socialization  both  a  natural  and  an  artificial  process : 
the  race  at  any  moment  possesses  the  sum  of  past  achieve- 
ments and  experiences ;  each  individual  must  pass 
through  the  process  of  adjustment;  Comte's  statement  of 
the  periods  of  world  history ;  the  recapitulation  theory. 

Mackenzie's  statement  of  the  stages  of  socialization : 
(a)  subjugation,  (b)  liberation,  (c)  organization. 

''Projected  efficiency"  (Kidd)  :  the  capitalization  of 
achievement. 


25 

II.    The  Exceptional  Man  and  Individual  Initiative. 

Conflicting  views  on  the  great  man  theory. 

''Universal  history,  the  history  of  what  man  has  ac- 
complished in  this  world,  is  the  history  of  great  men  who 
have  worked  there.  They  were  the  leaders  of  men,  these 
great  ones ;  the  modelers,  the  patterns,  and  in  a  wide  sense 
creators,  of  whatever  the  general  mass  of  men  contrived 
to  do  or  to  attain." — Carlyle. 

Mallock's  more  scientific  treatment  of  the  great  man 
theory  in  relation  to  social  achievement. 

Herbert  Spencer's  opposite  view  :  "He  (the  great  man) 
is  a  resultant  of  an  enormous  aggregate  of  forces  that 
have  been  cooperating  for  ages.  .  .  .  All  those 
changes  of  which  he  is  the  proximate  initiator  have  their 
chief  causes  in  the  generations  he  descended  from." 

Personalization  of  achievement  a  universal  tendency : 
association  of  striking  events  with  the  names  of  rulers 
or  favorite  heroes ;  history  is  handed  down  among  primi- 
tive peoples  only  as  it  is  made  dramatic. 

Hero  worship :  leaders  who  embody  social  ideals ;  hero 
myths ;  types  of  the  national  hero. 

The  inventor :  the  genius. 

III.    Custom. 

Based  sometimes  on  physiological  causes,  sometimes  on 
experience  and  habit. 

Reverence  for  antiquity :  survival  of  the  antique  in  re- 
ligious ceremonial ;  respect  for  ancestral  practice, — rela- 
tion to  ancestor  worship;  survival  of  customs  after  orig- 
inal meaning  has  been  lost. 

Why  imfamiliar  customs  seem  absurd :  tendency  to  de- 
spise and  undervalue  foreigners. 


26 

How  habits  become  mechanical :  formulas  and  prac- 
tices change  slowly. 

Creeds:  why  usually  behind  the  real  thought  of  the 
times. 

Manners :  forms  of  conduct  and  address ;  ceremonial ; 
the  canons  of  politeness. 

Customs  arising  from  economic  necessity. 

Custom  as  a  disciplinary  force :  formulation  of  general 
ideas  into  habits  and  rules  of  conduct. 

Custom  and  law :  transition  from  practice  to  legisla- 
tion ;  custom  and  morality. 

IV.    Imitation. 

The  repetition  of  social  phenomena :  Buckle's  conclu- 
sions as  to  regularity  of  occurrence ;  Tarde's  three  forms 
of  universal  repetition:  (a)  undulation,  (b)  generation, 
(c)  imitation,  (vibratory,  hereditary  and  imitative  repe- 
tition). 

Tarde's  formulas:  (a)  repetition,  (b)  opposition  (c) 
adaptation :  the  grouping  of  social  phenomena ;  the  rise, 
progress  and  decline  of  "movements." 

Suggestion :  the  function  of  leadership ;  catch-words, 
party  cries,  platforms,  creeds. 

Fashion :  'Svhat  everybody  does  because  everybody 
does  it;"  how  fashions  are  set;  fashion  centers;  fashion 
as  an  economic  influence ;  fads. 

Frenzies,  ecstasies :  the  appeal  to  emotion  in  religious 
and  political  movements ;  legitimate  uses  of  this  appeal. 

V.    Conflict  and  Compromise. 

Objective  competition :  war  the  crudest  form  of  compe- 
tition ;  war  for  its  own  sake ;  athletic  contests. 

Beginnings  of  accommodation :  regulation  of  terms  of 


27 

struggle;  acceleration  of  civilization  when  war  becomes 
the  exceptional  rather  than  the  normal  state. 

Economic  competition:  the  ''tooth  and  nail"  stage; 
"leonine  society"  and  the  mastery  of  the  strongest;  wastes 
of  industrial  competition ;  lessening  of  competition 
through  agreements ;  industrial  combination ;  coopera- 
tion. 

Political  competition  :  in  earliest  societies  a  single  domi- 
nant interest  generally  prevails,  connected  with  a  leader 
or  party ;  peaceful  balancing  of  many  interests  in  ad- 
vanced societies ;  party  and  factional  struggles ;  equilibri- 
um maintained  by  accommodation ;  civil  war  and  disrup- 
tion where  such  equilibrium  is  impossible. 

Compromise:  the  role  of  discussion;  consulting  bodies, 
democratic  assemblies,  the  representative  system ;  major- 
ity rule. 

Gains  through  competition :  moderation  through  attri- 
tion; variety  of  interests;  individual  self-realization. 

VI.    Selection. 

Natural  selection :  ''the  reasonable  sequence  of  the  un- 
intended" (Mallock)  ;  the  laws  of  selection;  survival; 
sexual  selection ;  evolution  of  favorite  types. 

Intelligent  selection :  increasing  power  of  self-direction 
and  adaptation  with  growth  of  intelligence :  natural  selec- 
tion never  wholly  eliminated ;  organized  intelligence  di- 
rected to  lessening  wastes  of  natural  selection ;  lower 
birth-rate  and  lower  death-rate  in  advanced  societies. 

Social  selection  through  legislation :  formal  application 
of  known  facts ;  value  of  the  social  sciences  as  a  guide  to 
legislation ;  social  telesis ;  the  demonstrated  fact  and  the 
ideal. 

Selection  and  benevolence :  changing  ideas  as  to  fitness 


28 

for  survival;  modern  philanthropy;   Spencer's  arraign- 
ment. 

VII.    Mutual  Aid. 

Individualistic  struggle  not  universal  even  among  ani- 
mals: examples  of  mutual  aid  (Kropotkin)  ;  care  of  the 
young;  cooperation  in  danger  or  crisis. 

Among  men  mutual  aid  appears  in  the  earliest  stages ; 
cooperation  in  food-getting  and  defense;  solidarity  of 
the  family,  clan,  state;  size  of  the  group  to  which  sym- 
pathy is  confined ;  blending  of  the  narrow  group-interest 
with  universal  fraternity;  influence  of  the  greater  reli- 
gions. 

Mutual  aid  based  primarily  on  self-interest :  associa- 
tions of  professional  men,  merchants,  scholars;  labor  or- 
ganizations. 

Mutual  aid  based  primarily  on  altruism :  sympathy  for 
suffering ;  pity ;  benevolent  associations ;  education  in  phi- 
lanthropy. 

The  sense  of  kind :  broadening  of  the  idea  of  "kind" ; 
international  sympathy  and  aid  in  distress. 

VIII.    Heredity. 

Application  of  intelligent  foresight  to  improving  the 
human  breed. 

The  science  of  Eugenics :  'Tt  deals  with  all  influences 
that  improve  the  inborn  qualities  of  a  race ;  also  all  those 
that  develop  them  to  the  utmost  advantage." — Galton. 
"The  science  which  deals  with  those  social  agencies  that 
influence,  mentally  or  physically,  the  racial  qualities  of 
future  generations." — Id. 

The  distribution  of  ability :  geographical  distribution ; 
distribution  by  families;  Galton's  plan  of  subsidies  to 
couples  of  special  promise. 


29 

The  individual  and  the  mass :  productivity  of  the  ex- 
ceptional man;  is  he  worth  cultivating  at  social  expense? 

Fragmentary  legislation  in  the  United  States :  the  mar- 
riage of  near  kin ;  marriage  of  defectives  and  delinquents. 

Heredity  of  acquired  ch^iracters ;  the  Weismann  con- 
troversy. 

IX.    Public  Opinion. 

The  social  mind :  consciousness,  will,  judgment. 

Reaction  of  the  mass  on  the  individual  mind :  the  con- 
tact of  minds ;  the  social  mind  not  the  mere  summation 
of  individual  minds. 

The  basis  of  judgment :  informal  consultation ;  formal 
consultation ;  assemblies,  the  tribal  house,  the  market- 
place, the  council  chamber. 

The  diffusion  of  intelligence :  the  theater ;  the  public 
oration ;  pamphlets,  books,  newspapers,  magazines ;  party 
organs ;  the  platform. 

Organization  of  public  opinion :  the  appeal  to  interest, 
to  the  emotions,  to  the  judgment;  intelligent  guidance  of 
opinion ;  the  utility  of  parties. 

Public  opinion  in  a  democracy :  dangers  from  uncritical 
judgment  and  from  volatile  emotion ;  gains  from  responsi- 
bility and  training ;  the  ballot. 


PART  V 

SOCIAL  PATHOLOGY 

I.    Type  and  Variation. 

Biological  types  :  limited  range  of  variation. 

Psychic  and  social  types :  greater  range  of  variation, 
due  to  greater  complexity  of  elements  and  greater  capacity 
for  modification  and  combination. 

The  human  type,  physical :  color,  stature,  proportion, 
organs,  functions. 

The  human  type,  social :  range  of  individual  peculiar- 
ities within  normal  limits ;  simple  or  complex  character  of 
the  society  as  determining  probability  of  variation ;  diffi- 
culty of  determining  type  and  of  measuring  variation. 

What  constitutes  normality :  the  question  one  of  degree 
of  variation,  not  of  absolute  conformity. 

Increased  heterogeneity  requires  increased  power  of 
accommodation :  the  scope  of  legislation  in  defining  nor- 
mality and  abnormality. 

II.    Degeneration. 

Generally  the  opposite  to  evolution,  but  may  accom- 
pany evolution,  the  function  being  better  performed  by 
some  other  agency,  or  the  organ  being  supplanted  by  a 
better-adapted  one. 

Degeneration  of  the  whole  organism :  degeneration  of 
particular  parts. 

Causes :  disease,  old  age,  disuse,  absence  of  stimulus, 
change  of  environment. 


31 

Degeneration  of  societies  :  whole  societies ;  communities 
within  a  normal  society;  ''bloom  periods"  and  periods  of 
decline ;  youth  and  age. 

Effects  of  migration:  normal  and  vigorous  elements 
often  drawn  off,  leaving  original  mass  at  a  lower  level; 
undue  amount  of  degeneracy  in  stationary  or  declining 
communities. 

Economic  conditions :  influence  on  the  creation  of  posi- 
tive causes  of  degeneracy,  and  on  the  quality  of  the  popu- 
lation. 

Excessive  development  on  special  lines  as  a  cause  of 
partial  or  complete  degeneration :  genius ;  over-specializa- 
tion. 

III.    Parasitism. 

Organic  parasitism  :  degeneration  of  parasitic  individu- 
als ;  influence  on  the  host. 

Analogies  betw-een  organic  and  social  parasitism 
(Massart)  :  (a)  nutritive  parasitism,  (b)  exploitation  of 
energy,  (c)  mimetic  parasitism. 

Possible  benefits :  leisure,  relaxation  of  the  struggle  for 
existence,  achievement  otherwise  impossible;  such  bene- 
fits tend  to  disappear  within  a  very  few  generations. 

Parasitic  classes :  fallacy  of  regarding  as  parasites 
those  not  engaged  in  direct  production;  intangible  social 
services  numerous  in  a  developed  society;  those  classes 
parasitic  which  contribute  less  than  their  share  or  which 
consume  more. 

The  leisure  classes :  value  of  leisure ;  leisure  based  on 
special  privilege ;  based  on  wealth ;  over-consumption  as  a 
result  of  leisure ;  the  plea  for  and  against  luxury. 

The  idle  and  vagrant :  beggars,  tramps,  gamblers ;  the 
overburdening  of  the  productive  through  the  idleness  of 
the  parasitic  classes. 


32 

IV.    The  Passive  Abnormals. 

Defectives :  among  wild  animals  and  in  the  earlier  hu- 
man stages  defective  individuals  eliminated  by  natural 
selection,  or  by  volitional  action;  the  weak,  the  old,  de- 
formed infants,  the  superfluous. 

Physical  vigor  the  chief  requisite  in  savagery :  small 
range  of  activities  open  for  a  career;  modern  societies 
offer  a  complex  division  of  labor;  many  individuals  for- 
merly useless  find  a  fruitful  field  of  labor. 

Certain  classes  still  remain  unproductive :  the  physic- 
ally and  mentally  unfit;  infancy  and  old  age  inevitably 
unproductive ;  human  wreckage ;  the  cost  of  progress. 

The  test:  self-direction  and  self-support,  actual  or  po- 
tential. 

Social  care  of  defectives :  possible  reaction  of  charity 
on  conscience;  philanthropy  as  an  accompaniment  and 
cause  of  civilization ;  real  weakening  of  the  physical  aver- 
age, compensating  elevation  of  the  psychic  average. 

Public  and  private  charity :  conflict  and  co-operation ; 
charity  organization. 

V.    The  Self-Assertive  Abnormals. 

Crime :  what  it  is ;  the  individual  and  the  social  will ; 
crime  and  the  law ;  growth  of  criminal  law. 

Crime  and  progress  :  law  never  perfectly  adjusted  to  in- 
telligence and  ethical  standards ;  when  a  law  becomes  anti- 
quated crime  may  be  a  proof  of  advanced  thought;  re- 
formers and  revolutionists. 

Apparent  increase  of  crime  in  highly  developed  so- 
cieties :  dangers  of  the  statistical  method ;  increasing  so- 
cial control  and  lessening  of  personal  liberty;  complexity 
of  restraints  necessary  in  densely-populated  areas. 

Modern  penology :  survival  of  the  vindictive  element 


33 

in  punishment ;  the  principle  of  reformation ;  the  attempt 
to  adjust  the  criminal  mind  to  prevailing  standards;  the 
instinctive  criminal ;  permanent  segregation  as  a  possible 
remedy. 

The  juvenile  delinquent:  discipline  and  adjustment; 
special  methods  of  treatment  for  juveniles;  juvenile 
courts,  the  probation  system ;  occupation  and  stimulus. 

VI.    The  XJnadapted:  Exaggerated  Individualism. 

In  a  well-ordered  society  the  great  mass  of  individuals 
are  able  to  conform  to  the  type:  some  are  unadjustable. 

Societies  based  on  a  single  principle  (military,  re- 
ligious) demand  rigid  conformity:  the  unfitted  or  un- 
willing are  excluded ;  resulting  sameness  of  opinion  and 
of  interest;  highly  developed  societies  make  possible  a 
wide  divergence  of  tastes  and  interests  without  loss  of 
solidarity. 

Changing  standards :  innovators  in  advance  of  their 
time;  non-conformists  whose  special  attitude  has  not  yet 
received  toleration ;  why  innovators  are  persecuted ;  social 
inertia. 

The  opposition  to  existing  social  control :  anarchy ;  ex- 
treme democracy ;  coexistence  of  radicalism  and  conserv- 
atism in  every  society. 

Necessary  limitations  on  individual  self-expression :  de- 
fects of  extreme  individualism  as  great  as  those  of  over- 
government. 

VII.    The  Mob :  Morbid  Sociality. 

Analysis  of  the  mob  mind :  "law  of  the  mental  unity  of 
crowds,"  Le  Bon;  contagion  and  suggestion;  the  individ- 
ual "is  no  longer  conscious  of  his  acts.  In  his  case,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  hypnotized  subject,  at  the  same  time  that 


34 

certain  faculties  are  destroyed,  others  may  be  brought  to 
a  high  degree  of  exaltation.  Under  the  influence  of  sug- 
gestion he  will  undertake  the  accomplishment  of  certain 
acts  with  irresistible  impetuosity." — Le  Bon. 

Mobility  and  credulity  of  the  mob  mind. 

Reversion  to  savage  and  animal  types :  dominance  of 
passion  or  impulse,  submerging  of  judgment ;  mania  and 
frenzy;  lynching  and  other  forms  of  mob-vengeance; 
riots. 

Beneficent  aspects  of  the  mob  mind :  sordid  individual 
interests  may  be  submerged  and  supplanted  by  heroism 
and  self-surrender  to  a  great  cause;  why  a  "cause"  is  more 
effectively  promoted  by  public  meetings  than  by  individual 
appeals ;  political  rallies ;  religious  "revivals" ;  reaction 
following  excitement. 

Correlation  of  the  individual  judgment  and  the  social 
impulse:  advantages  of  delay  in  public  action;  the  bi- 
cameral legislature ;  conservative  influence  of  written  con- 
stitutions. 


NON-CIRGULATING  BOOK 


868638 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


'   ■    *  t    I    ■■    ■ 


*.'.■''''  ■' 1m' 


